Constitutive modelling of sand: a progressive calibration procedure accounting for intrinsic and stress-induced anisotropy

The recently developed constitutive model for sand, designated as Ta-Ger sand (as described by the present authors in another recent paper), is reformulated to account for intrinsic and stress-induced anisotropy. The model combines features of bounding surface plasticity and Bouc–Wen type hysteresis, and incorporates Rowe's dilatancy theory and the critical state concept. A physically motivated calibration methodology is developed with the aim to reduce the number of internal model parameters by expressing them as functions of four state variables: (a) Bolton's relative density index, Ir, for measuring the ‘distance’ between the current stress state and the critical state; (b) cumulative absolute deviatoric strain increment for controlling the evolution in stress space of the bounding and phase transformation lines; (c) principal stress rotation angle; and (d) intermediate stress ratio accounting for stress-induced anisotropy. The calibration procedure is step-by-step validated against experimental data f...

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