High Resolution Switching Mode Inductance-to-Frequency Converter with Temperature Compensationti

This article proposes a novel method for the temperature-compensated inductance-to-frequency converter with a single quartz crystal oscillating in the switching oscillating circuit to achieve better temperature stability of the converter. The novelty of this method lies in the switching-mode converter, the use of additionally connected impedances in parallel to the shunt capacitances of the quartz crystal, and two inductances in series to the quartz crystal. This brings a considerable reduction of the temperature influence of AT-cut crystal frequency change in the temperature range between 10 and 40 °C. The oscillator switching method and the switching impedances connected to the quartz crystal do not only compensate for the crystal's natural temperature characteristics but also any other influences on the crystal such as ageing as well as from other oscillating circuit elements. In addition, the method also improves frequency sensitivity in inductance measurements. The experimental results show that through high temperature compensation improvement of the quartz crystal characteristics, this switching method theoretically enables a 2 pH resolution. It converts inductance to frequency in the range of 85–100 μH to 2–560 kHz.

[1]  Liang Li,et al.  Precise Measurement of the Inductance and Resistance of a Pulsed Field Magnet Based on Digital Lock-in Technique , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[2]  Lei Liu,et al.  Ultra-Precision Measurement and Control of Angle Motion in Piezo-Based Platforms Using Strain Gauge Sensors and a Robust Composite Controller , 2013, Sensors.

[3]  Yasutaka Sakamoto,et al.  Development of a Low-Temperature Insert for Precise Magnetization Measurement below T = 2 K with a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Magnetometer , 2013 .

[4]  Liang Zhang,et al.  A dual-modulus injection-locked frequency divider with large locking range , 2013 .

[5]  L. Rodriguez-Pardo,et al.  Resolution in quartz crystal oscillator circuits for high sensitivity microbalance sensors in damping media , 2004 .

[6]  Guo-Li Shen,et al.  Piezoelectric quartz crystal sensor array with optimized oscillator circuit for analysis of organic vapors mixtures , 2003 .

[7]  K. Arai,et al.  Fabrication and basic characteristics of dyr-etched micro inductions , 1990, International Conference on Magnetics.

[8]  Adrian Ioinovici,et al.  Phase-Shift Interleaving Control of Variable-Phase Switched-Capacitor Converters , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[9]  Craig T. Van Degrift,et al.  Tunnel diode oscillator for 0.001 ppm measurements at low temperatures , 1975 .

[10]  Ananda Sanagavarapu Mohan,et al.  Novel Bridge-Loop Reader for Positioning With HF RFID Under Sparse Tag Grid , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[11]  Tae Kyu Noh,et al.  Compact and wide range polarimetric strain sensor based on polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber , 2014 .

[12]  D. Cohen.  Magnetoencephalography: Detection of the Brain's Electrical Activity with a Superconducting Magnetometer , 1972, Science.

[13]  J. Brice.  Crystals for quartz resonators , 1985 .

[14]  K. Leang,et al.  Design and Control of a Three-Axis Serial-Kinematic High-Bandwidth Nanopositioner , 2012, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.

[15]  Antonio Arnau,et al.  A Review of Interface Electronic Systems for AT-cut Quartz Crystal Microbalance Applications in Liquids , 2008, Sensors.

[16]  L. Rodriguez-Pardo,et al.  Quartz crystal oscillator circuit for high resolution microgravimetric sensors in fluids , 2006 .

[17]  QCM 100-Quartz Crystal Microbalance Theory and Calibration , 2005 .

[18]  Ajay K. Poddar,et al.  Mode-coupling and phase-injection mechanism enables EMI-insensitive crystal oscillator circuits , 2009, 2009 9th International Conference on Telecommunication in Modern Satellite, Cable, and Broadcasting Services.

[19]  S. Zaky,et al.  EMI-induced failures in crystal oscillators , 1991 .

[20]  Hsien-Chin Chiu,et al.  Improvement of the Q-factor, for an adjustable inductor using a 90-μm silicon substrate on plastic , 2011 .

[21]  J. Gagnepain,et al.  Sensitivity of quartz oscillators to the environment: characterization methods and pitfalls , 1990, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[22]  H. Greenhouse,et al.  Design of Planar Rectangular Microelectronic Inductors , 1974 .

[23]  Joseph Johnson,et al.  High-Temperature Piezoelectric Sensing , 2013, Sensors.

[24]  S. G. Gevorgyan,et al.  On the Possibility of the Creation of Radically New Type Detectors of Particles and Radiation Based on High-Tc Superconductors , 1997 .

[25]  Karel Jezernik,et al.  Greatly Improved Small Inductance Measurement Using Quartz Crystal Parasitic Capacitance Compensation , 2010, Sensors.

[26]  Fred C. Lee,et al.  Analysis and Applications of Parasitic Capacitance Cancellation Techniques for EMI Suppression , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[27]  Hui Zhao,et al.  Design of Compensation Coils for EMI Suppression in Magnetostrictive Linear Position Sensors , 2012, Sensors.

[28]  J. Rutman.  Characterization of phase and frequency instabilities in precision frequency sources: Fifteen years of progress , 1978, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[29]  Srinivas Tadigadapa,et al.  Fabrication and performance characteristics of high-frequency micromachined bulk acoustic wave quartz resonator arrays , 2009 .

[30]  Maciej Lewenstein,et al.  Harnessing vacuum forces for quantum sensing of graphene motion. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[31]  Yen-Shin Lai,et al.  Digital Pulsewidth Modulation Technique for a Synchronous Buck DC/DC Converter to Reduce Switching Frequency , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[32]  S. O. Reza Moheimani,et al.  A Novel Piezoelectric Strain Sensor for Simultaneous Damping and Tracking Control of a High-Speed Nanopositioner , 2013, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.

[33]  J. Vig,et al.  Long-term aging of oscillators , 1992, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[34]  Younghoon Cho,et al.  Dual-Mode Double-Carrier-Based Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Inverter With Adaptive Smooth Transition Control Between Modes , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[35]  M.M. Driscoll.  Oscillator AM-to-FM noise conversion due to the dynamic frequency-drive sensitivity of the crystal resonator , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium.

[36]  Ajay K. Poddar,et al.  Electromagnetic interference and start-up dynamics in high frequency crystal oscillator circuits , 2010, 2010 IEEE Sarnoff Symposium.

[37]  K. A. Davis,et al.  Continuous liquid-phase piezoelectric biosensor for kinetic immunoassays. , 1989, Analytical chemistry.

[38]  Naoki Kamo,et al.  Oscillating frequency of piezoelectric quartz crystal in solutions , 1990 .

[39]  Carlos Morón,et al.  Magnetic Sensor for Building Structural Vibrations , 2014, Sensors.

[40]  T. Hug,et al.  Biophysical methods for monitoring cell-substrate interactions in drug discovery. , 2003, Assay and drug development technologies.

[41]  Kazuo Funaki,et al.  Highly sensitive open-flat coil magnetometer for the λ(H,T) measurements in plate-like high-Tc cuprates , 2000 .

[42]  J. Vig,et al.  Fundamental limits on the frequency stabilities of crystal oscillators , 1995, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[43]  Peter Hauptmann,et al.  Possibilities and limitations in quantitative determination of polymer shear parameters by TSM resonators , 1997 .

[44]  Bruce J. Balcom,et al.  Embedded NMR Sensor to Monitor Compressive Strength Development and Pore Size Distribution in Hydrating Concrete , 2013, Sensors.

[45]  Terri A. Camesano,et al.  Measuring bacterial adhesion at environmental interfaces with single-cell and single-molecule techniques , 2007 .

[46]  Somboon Sangwongwanich,et al.  A Unified PWM Method for Matrix Converters and Its Carrier-Based Realization Using Dipolar Modulation Technique , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[47]  G. L. Miller,et al.  Resonant phase shift technique for the measurement of small changes in grounded capacitors , 1990 .

[48]  K. A. Jose,et al.  RF MEMS and Their Applications , 2002 .

[49]  Emilio Sardini,et al.  Measurement of small capacitance variations , 1990 .

[50]  Yanling Tian,et al.  A Novel Direct Inverse Modeling Approach for Hysteresis Compensation of Piezoelectric Actuator in Feedforward Applications , 2013, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.

[51]  Marco Ferrari,et al.  In-liquid sensing of chemical compounds by QCM sensors coupled with high-accuracy ACC oscillator , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[52]  S. J. Martin,et al.  Modeling the Responses of Thickness-Shear Mode Resonators under Various Loading Conditions. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[53]  Giacomo Langfelder,et al.  Design Criteria of Low-Power Oscillators for Consumer-Grade MEMS Resonant Sensors , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[54]  Susana Cardoso,et al.  A Non-Invasive Thermal Drift Compensation Technique Applied to a Spin-Valve Magnetoresistive Current Sensor , 2011, Sensors.

[55]  Franz L Dickert,et al.  Sensor strategies for microorganism detection—from physical principles to imprinting procedures , 2003, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[56]  Xiaobo Tan,et al.  Robust Control of VO$_{\bf 2}$-Coated Microbenders Using Self-Sensing Feedback , 2014, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.

[57]  K. J. Vinoy,et al.  MEMS Inductors and Capacitors , 2003 .