Air pollution from ships in ports: The socio-economic benefit of cold-ironing technology

Abstract The global environmental impact of air pollution from international shipping is increasing despite regulatory measures to curb the rise. According to European Environmental Agency forecasts, NO x emissions from international shipping in European waters are projected to increase and could be equal to that of land-based sources by 2020. Since 2010, the sulphur content in fuel used by hoteling vessels in EU ports has been subject to EU directive 2005/33/EC, which requires a maximum sulphur content of 0.1%. For gas oil, this requirement has applied since 2008. This paper addresses the socioeconomic impact of harmful air emissions from hoteling cruise ships with special emphasis on NO x , SO x and Particulate Matter (PM). The aim of the paper is to quantify the socioeconomic benefit from the perspective of society in terms of external health cost by offering a cost-benefit analysis of the potential positive effect of introducing cold-ironing technology at the new cruise ship pier in Copenhagen, Denmark.

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