Snap‐through and snap‐back response in concrete structures and the dangers of under‐integration

Snap-through and snap-back responses are usually associated with the buckling of shells. However, it is shown in this paper that they can also be expected with the cracking of concrete structures. It is also demonstrated that, for such structures, the common use of 2 × 2 Gaussian integration with the 8-noded isoparametric element can lead to spurious responses associated with ‘truncated hour-glass modes’.

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