On the functional proton current pathway of electron transport phosphorylation. An electrodic view.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . Introduction * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . Protonic coupling in electron transport phosphorylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . Background: the chemiosmotic and local proton hypotheses B . Some recent experimental work concerned with the measurement of Ap . . . . . . . . 1 . Results from chromatophores: chemiosmotic interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Resultsfrom submitochondrial particles: chemiosmotic interpretation . . . . . . . 3 . Results from Paracoccus denitrificans vesicles: chemiosmotic interpretation . . . .

[1]  R. van Grondelle,et al.  Flash-induced photophosphorylation in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. I. The relationship between cytochrome c-420 content and photophosphorylation. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[2]  A. Azzi,et al.  Redistribution of the electrical charge of the mitochondrial membrane during energy conservation. , 1969, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[3]  L. O. Morgan,et al.  Carbon-13 nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy of whole cells and of cytochrome C from Neurospora crass grown with (S-Me-13C)methionine. , 1975, The Biochemical journal.

[4]  S. McLaughlin,et al.  The hydrophobic adsorption of charged molecules to bilayer membranes: a test of the applicability of the stern equation. , 1976, Biochemistry.

[5]  E. Padan,et al.  Respiratory control and the proton electrochemical gradient in mitochondria. , 1973, European journal of biochemistry.

[6]  K. van Dam,et al.  The fluorescent properties of acridines in the presence of chloroplasts or liposomes. On the quantitative relationship between the fluorescence quenching and the transmembrane proton gradient. , 1974, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[7]  W. Vredenberg,et al.  On the steady-state electrical potential difference across the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in illuminated plant cells. , 1975, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[8]  K. Cammann Exchange kinetics at potassium-selective liquid membrane electrodes , 1978 .

[9]  W. W. Parson,et al.  Shifts of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid absorption bands linked to cytochrome c-555 photooxidation in Chromatium. , 1973, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[10]  M. Trachtman,et al.  "Squiggle-H2O". An enquiry into the importance of solvation effects in phosphate ester and anhydride reactions. , 1970, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[11]  O. Andersen,et al.  Electrostatic interactions among hydrophobic ions in lipid bilayer membranes. , 1978, Biophysical journal.

[12]  D. Nicholls The effective proton conductance of the inner membrane of mitochondria from brown adipose tissue. Dependency on proton electrochemical potential gradient. , 1977, European journal of biochemistry.

[13]  R. Williams The history and the hypotheses concerning ATP‐formation by energised protons , 1978, FEBS letters.

[14]  D. Winne Unstirred layer, source of biased Michaelis constant in membrane transport. , 1973, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[15]  M. Gutman,et al.  Control of the rate of reverse electron transport in submitochondrial particles by the free energy. , 1977, Biochemistry.

[16]  W. Junge,et al.  The electric generator in photosynthesis of green plants. I. Vectorial and protolytic properties of the electron transport chain. , 1974, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[17]  A. Crofts,et al.  The kinetics of light induced carotenoid changes in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and their relation to electrical field generation across the chromatophore membrane. , 1971, European journal of biochemistry.

[18]  A. Portis,et al.  Quantitative relationships between phosphorylation, electron flow, and internal hydrogen ion concentrations in spinach chloroplasts. , 1976, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[19]  S. Papa,et al.  Proton translocation reactions in the respiratory chains. , 1976, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[20]  D. Kell,et al.  The protonmotive force in bovine heart submitochondrial particles. Magnitude, sites of generation and comparison with the phosphorylation potential. , 1978, Biochemical Journal.

[21]  D. Nicholls The influence of respiration and ATP hydrolysis on the proton-electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane of rat-liver mitochondria as determined by ion distribution. , 1974, European journal of biochemistry.

[22]  J. Barber,et al.  Fluorescence changes in isolated broken chloroplasts and the involvement of the electrical double layer. , 1978, Biophysical journal.

[23]  R. L. Weiss,et al.  Use of External, Biosynthetic, and Organellar Arginine by Neurospora , 1973, Journal of bacteriology.

[24]  P. Vignais,et al.  Functional relationship between the ADP/ATP-carrier and the F1-ATPase in mitochondria. , 1975, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[25]  E A Liberman,et al.  Conversion of biomembrane-produced energy into electric form. I. Submitochondrial particles. , 1970, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[26]  M. Nishimura,et al.  Characteristics of light-induced H+ transport in spinach chloroplast at lower temperatures II. A possible role of structured water in H+ transport of chloroplast near 0°C , 1976 .

[27]  Y. Hatefi,et al.  The structural basis of membrane function. , 1976 .

[28]  A. M. Mckay,et al.  The protonmotive force, the phosphate potential and respiratory control: the rho-zone interpretation. , 1976, Biochemical Society transactions.

[29]  R. Casadio,et al.  Electrochemical proton gradient and phosphate potential in bacterial chromatophores , 1974, FEBS letters.

[30]  R. Casadio,et al.  Limited cooperativity in the coupling between electron flow and photosynthetic ATP synthesis A comparative study in chromatophores phosphorylating at very different rates , 1978 .

[31]  T. A. Krulwich,et al.  The protonmotive force and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport in an obligately alkalophilic bacterium. , 1978, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[32]  A. Essig,et al.  Stoichiometry and Coupling: Theories of Oxidative Phosphorylation , 1967, Nature.

[33]  S. Feldberg,et al.  Inner voltage clamping. A method for studying interactions among hydrophobic ions in a lipid bilayer. , 1978, Biophysical journal.

[34]  P. Boyer,et al.  Initial formation of ATP in photophosphorylation does not require a proton gradient , 1978 .

[35]  A. Redfield,et al.  Observation of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine amino proton magnetic resonance in phospholipid vesicles: inside/outside ratios and proton transport. , 1975, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[36]  D. Eisenberg,et al.  Solvation of crystalline proteins: theory and its application to available data. , 1975, Journal of molecular biology.

[37]  W. Ingledew Structure and function of energy-transducing membranes: Edited by K. Van Dam and B. F. Van Gelder. (BBA Library, Vol. 14) Pp. 342. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam and New York. 1978, $41.95 or Dfl. 103.00 , 1978 .

[38]  G. R. Welch,et al.  On the role of organized multienzyme systems in cellular metabolism: a general synthesis. , 1977, Progress in biophysics and molecular biology.

[39]  R. Schultz,et al.  Ordered Water and the Ultrastructure of the Cellular Plasma Membrane , 1970 .

[40]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Respiration-driven proton translocation in rat liver mitochondria. , 1967, The Biochemical journal.

[41]  L. Glasser Proton conduction and injection in solids , 1975 .

[42]  W. Hanstein,et al.  Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. , 1976, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[43]  A. Crofts,et al.  The initial stages of photophosphorylation. Studies using excitation by saturating, short flashes of light. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[44]  P. Schuster,et al.  The Hydrogen bond : recent developments in theory and experiments , 1976 .

[45]  J. Huxley Evolution: The Modern Synthesis , 1943 .

[46]  R Latorre,et al.  Voltage-dependent capacitance in lipid bilayers made from monolayers. , 1978, Biophysical journal.

[47]  H T Witt,et al.  The functional unit of electrical events and phosphorylation in chromatophores from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. , 1975, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[48]  R. Kraayenhof,et al.  Transmembrane electrical potential formation in spinach chloroplasts , 1978 .

[49]  L. Packer MEMBRANE STRUCTURE IN RELATION TO FUNCTION OF ENERGY‐TRANSDUCING ORGANELLES , 1974, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[50]  C. Sybesma,et al.  The light-induced carotenoid absorbance changes in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: an analysis and interpretation of the band shifts. , 1977, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[51]  S. McLaughlin,et al.  Antibiotics and membrane biology. , 1975, Annual review of biophysics and bioengineering.

[52]  Z. Gromet-Elhanan,et al.  Comparison of the electrochemical proton gradient and phosphate potential maintained by Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores in the steady state. , 1977, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[53]  V. Skulachev Membrane‐linked energy buffering as the biological function of Na+/K+ gradient , 1978, FEBS letters.

[54]  R. J. Williams,et al.  The multifarious couplings of energy transduction. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[55]  J. Bockris A Basic Biological Step? , 1969, Nature.

[56]  V. Gold,et al.  Proton-Transfer Reactions , 1975 .

[57]  J. Barber,et al.  9-amino-acridine as a probe of the electrical double layer associated with the chloroplast thylakoid membranes. , 1977, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[58]  R. Prince,et al.  The phosphate potential and H+/ATP ratio in rhodospirillum rubrum , 1979 .

[59]  T. Pozzan,et al.  Proton electrochemical gradient and phosphate potential in mitochondria. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[60]  W. Junge Membrane Potentials in Photosynthesis , 1977 .

[61]  W. R. Sistrom,et al.  The photosynthetic bacteria , 1978 .

[62]  H. Zimmermann Protonic States in Chemistry , 1964 .

[63]  H. Thirsk,et al.  A guide to the study of electrode kinetics , 1972 .

[64]  G. Schäfer Interaction of biguanides with mitochondrial and synthetic membranes. The role of phospholipids as natural binding sites. , 1974, European journal of biochemistry.

[65]  Y. Tokumitsu,et al.  The phosphorylation of intramitochondrial AMP: a suggestion for the compartmentation of endogenous P i pool. , 1973, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[66]  H. Schwan ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF BOUND WATER , 1965 .

[67]  A. Jagendorf,et al.  Lack of site-specificity of spinach chloroplast coupling factor 1. , 1977, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta.

[68]  J. Arents,et al.  Surface potential and the interaction of weakly acidic uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation with liposomes and mitochondria. , 1975, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[69]  I. Campbell,et al.  A study of the histidine residues of human carbonic anhydrase C using 270 MHz proton magnetic resonance. , 1975, Journal of molecular biology.

[70]  T. Pozzan,et al.  Proton electrochemical gradient and rate of controlled respiration in mitochondria. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[71]  B. Hess,et al.  Oscillatory phenomena in biochemistry. , 1971, Annual review of biochemistry.

[72]  M. Brand,et al.  Unequal charge separation by different coupling spans of the mitochondrial electron transport chain , 1978, FEBS letters.

[73]  O. Schanne,et al.  Impedance measurements in biological cells , 1978 .

[74]  Vašek Kiršner 78 - An Electrodic Memory Model of Biomembrane Function. A qualitative Exposé , 1978 .

[75]  E. Racker The two faces of the inner mitochondrial membrane. , 1970, Essays in biochemistry.

[76]  D. M. Mohilner 210 - Organic electrosorption as a probe of water structure in the inner layer: implications about the effect of the electric field on water structure at charged biological interfaces , 1978 .

[77]  W. Cramer,et al.  Relationship between oxygen-induced proton efflux and membrane energization in cells of Escherichia coli. , 1977, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[78]  J. Mowbray,et al.  The tentative identification in Escherichia coli of a multienzyme complex with glycolytic activity. , 1976, European journal of biochemistry.

[79]  A. Crofts,et al.  The carotenoid shift in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Change induced under continuous illumination. , 1977, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[80]  A. Crofts,et al.  Ion transport induced by light and antibiotics IN CHROMATOPHORES FROM Rhodospirillum rubrum. , 1968, European journal of biochemistry.

[81]  K. Cole,et al.  Anesthesia and hydrogen bonding. A semi-quantitative infrared study at room temperature , 1978 .

[82]  M. Klingenberg,et al.  Relation between the gradient of the ATP/ADP ratio and the membrane potential across the mitochondrial membrane. , 1977, European journal of biochemistry.

[83]  R. Macnab,et al.  Evidence for metabolic compartmentation in Escherichia coli. , 1973, European journal of biochemistry.

[84]  A. Azzi,et al.  The application of fluorescent probes in membrane studies , 1975, Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics.

[85]  R. Hansford,et al.  The nature of controlled respiration and its relationship to protonmotive force and proton conductance in blowfly flight-muscle mitochondria. , 1977, Biochemical Journal.

[86]  F. Jähnig,et al.  Electrostatic interactions at charged lipid membranes. Measurement of surface pH with fluorescent lipoid pH indicators. , 1978, European journal of biochemistry.

[87]  S. Strange Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered , 1974 .

[88]  Y. Kagawa,et al.  Purified proton conductor in proton translocating adenosine triphosphatase of a thermophilic bacterium. , 1977, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[89]  E. Rieger,et al.  Interaction of biguanides with mitochondrial and synthetic membranes. Effects on ion conductance of mitochondrial membranes and electrical properties of phospholipid bilayers. , 1974, European journal of biochemistry.

[90]  W. J. Shuttleworth,et al.  The exchange of wind-driven fog and mist between vegetation and the atmosphere , 1977 .

[91]  T. Brown,et al.  31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of isolated rat liver cells , 1978, Nature.

[92]  G. Hauska,et al.  Proton Translocation in Chloroplasts1 , 1977 .

[93]  E. C. Slater,et al.  Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. , 1977, Annual review of biochemistry.

[94]  G. Schäfer,et al.  Influence of surface potentials on the mitochondrial H+ pump and on lipid-phase transitions , 1976, Journal of bioenergetics.

[95]  W. S. Thayer,et al.  Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate by an artificially imposed electrochemical proton gradient in bovine heart submitochondrial particles. , 1975, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[96]  J. Barber,et al.  Surface charges on chloroplast membranes as studied by particle electrophoresis. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[97]  D. Ort Different sensitivities of chloroplasts to uncouplers when ATP formation is induced by continuous illumination, by brief illumination, by pre-illumination, or by acid-base transitions. , 1978, European journal of biochemistry.

[98]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Proton translocation quotient for the adenosine triphosphatase of rat liver mitochondria , 1973, FEBS letters.

[99]  R. Yantorno,et al.  Investigation of voltage-dependent membrane capacity of squid giant axons. , 1977, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[100]  D. Hall,et al.  Photophosphorylation in chloroplasts. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[101]  A. Szent-Gyorgyi THE STUDY OF ENERGY–LEVELS IN BIOCHEMISTRY , 1941 .

[102]  H. Terada Some biochemical and physiochemical properties of the potent uncoupler SF 6847 (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidenemalononitrile). , 1975, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[103]  D. Cox,et al.  Macromolecular Organization of Enzyme Systems , 1966 .

[104]  I. Kuntz,et al.  The properties of water in biological systems. , 1974, Annual review of biophysics and bioengineering.

[105]  G. Radda,et al.  The ATPase as an irreversible component in electron transport linked ATP synthesis , 1976, FEBS letters.

[106]  N. Zabusky,et al.  Intrinsic electric fields and proton diffusion in immobilized protein membranes. Effects of electrolytes and buffers. , 1979, Biophysical journal.

[107]  Samuel Glasstone,et al.  The Theory Of Rate Processes , 1941 .

[108]  R. Lumry PARTICIPATION OF WATER IN PROTEIN REACTIONS * , 1974, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[109]  P. Mitchell A commentary on alternative hypotheses of protonic coupling in the membrane systems catalysing oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation , 1977, FEBS letters.

[110]  M. Brand The stoicheiometric relationships between electron transport, proton translocation and adenosine triphosphate synthesis and hydrolysis in mitochondria. , 1977, Biochemical Society transactions.

[111]  P. Mitchell Coupling of Phosphorylation to Electron and Hydrogen Transfer by a Chemi-Osmotic type of Mechanism , 1961, Nature.

[112]  A S Iberall A Proposal for a Force Essential to Biological Organization , 1975, Perspectives in biology and medicine.

[113]  H. Witt,et al.  Electrical potential changes, H+ translocation and phosphorylation induced by short flash excitation in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides chromatophores. , 1975, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[114]  S. McLaughlin Electrostatic Potentials at Membrane-Solution Interfaces , 1977 .

[115]  C. Lee,et al.  Energy dependent hydrogen ion accumulation in submitochondrial particles. , 1975, Biochemistry.

[116]  A. Crofts,et al.  The high energy state in chromatophores from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides , 1969, FEBS letters.

[117]  J. Barber,et al.  Electrical diffuse layers and their influence on photosynthetic processes , 1977, FEBS letters.

[118]  R. G. Hayes,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of water with the polar region of phosphatidylcholine micelles in benzene. , 1971, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[119]  D. Kell,et al.  Measurement by a flow dialysis technique of the steady-state proton-motive force in chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum. Comparison with phosphorylation potential. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[120]  P. Maloney,et al.  Protonmotive force as the source of energy for adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis in Escherichia coli , 1976, Journal of bacteriology.

[121]  M. Avron,et al.  Determination of ΔpH in Chloroplasts , 1972 .

[122]  W. Junge,et al.  The electric generator in the photosynthesis of green plants. II. Kinetic correlation between protolytic reactions and redox reactions. , 1974, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[123]  F. Johnson The Bimolecular Lipid Membrane: A System , 1973 .

[124]  H. Jellinek Water Structure at the Water-Polymer Interface , 1972 .

[125]  Brian E. Conway,et al.  Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry , 1974 .

[126]  I. Prigogine,et al.  Biological order, structure and instabilities , 1971, Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics.

[127]  E. Caldin Tunneling in proton-transfer reactions in solution , 1969 .

[128]  R. Guidelli A theory of the electrostatic effect of specifically adsorbed electroinactive ions upon electrode processes with reactant adsorption , 1976 .

[129]  A. Sols,et al.  Concentrations of Metabolites and Binding Sites. Implications in Metabolic Regulation , 1970 .

[130]  D. Blow,et al.  Role of a Buried Acid Group in the Mechanism of Action of Chymotrypsin , 1969, Nature.

[131]  M. Hayashi,et al.  Hydrogen bond among the ionic groups of ampholytic phospholipid , 1978 .

[132]  S. Chan,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of valinomycin with unsonicated lecithin bilayers. , 1973, Biochemistry.

[133]  M. Schönfeld,et al.  Proton conductance of the thylakoid membrane: Modulation by light , 1977, FEBS letters.

[134]  K. Popper,et al.  Conjectures and Refutations , 1963 .

[135]  D. W. Green Structural chemistry and molecular biology edited by A. Rich and N. Davidson , 1969 .

[136]  G. Schäfer,et al.  Influence of electrostatic surface potential on mitochondrial ADP‐phosphorylation , 1975, FEBS letters.

[137]  E. Schrödinger What is life? : the physical aspect of the living cell , 1944 .

[138]  R. Eisenberg,et al.  Three-dimensional electrical field problems in physiology , 1970 .

[139]  K. Kurihara,et al.  Change in surface charge density and membrane potential of intact mitochondria during energization , 1976, FEBS letters.

[140]  K. Weil E. Gileadi, E. Kirowa-Eisner, and J. Penciner: Interfacial Electrochemistry – An Experimental Approach, Addison-Wesley, Advanced Book Program, Reading, Massachusetts 1975, 525 Seiten, Preis: US $ 19.50. , 1976 .

[141]  E. Newsholme,et al.  Regulation of Metabolism , 1973 .

[142]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Acid-base titration across the plasma membrane ofMicrococcus denitrificans: Factors affecting the effective proton conductance and the respiratory rate , 1970, Journal of bioenergetics.

[143]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Estimation of membrane potential and pH difference across the cristae membrane of rat liver mitochondria. , 2005, European journal of biochemistry.

[144]  M. Blank Progress in surface and membrane science , 1974 .

[145]  A. Baccarini-Melandri,et al.  Energy transduction in photosynthetic bacteria III. Coincidence of coupling factor of photosynthesis and respiration inRhodopseudomonas capsulata , 1972, FEBS letters.

[146]  D. Kell,et al.  Comparison of permeant ion uptake and carotenoid band shift as methods for determining the membrane potential in chromatophores from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides Ga. , 1979, The Biochemical journal.

[147]  J. Barber,et al.  The involvement of the electrical double layer in the quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence by negatively charged surfaces. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[148]  H. Terada,et al.  The minimum effective amount of uncouplers for rat liver mitochondria , 1975, FEBS letters.

[149]  J. Danielli,et al.  Progress in surface and membrane science , 1971 .

[150]  S. Ferguson,et al.  The phosphorylation potential generated by respiring bovine heart submitochondrial particles. , 1977, Biochemical Journal.

[151]  Manfred Eigen,et al.  Proton Transfer, Acid-Base Catalysis, and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Part I: ELEMENTARY PROCESSES†‡ , 1964 .

[152]  C. Gitler,et al.  Surface potential and energy-coupling in bioenergy-conserving membrane systems , 1973, Journal of bioenergetics.

[153]  W. E. Morf,et al.  Response time studies on neutral carrier ion-selective membrane electrodes , 1978 .

[154]  S. Caplan,et al.  Kinetic analysis of light-induced pH changes in bacteriorhodopsin-containing particles from Halobacterium halobium. , 1978, Biochemistry.

[155]  G. Azzone,et al.  The membrane structure studied with cationic dyes. 2. Aggregation, metachromatic effects and pK a shifts. , 1972, European journal of biochemistry.

[156]  L. Blumenfeld,et al.  The physical aspects of energy transduction in biological systems , 1978, Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics.

[157]  J. Jack,et al.  Electric current flow in excitable cells , 1975 .

[158]  H. Witt,et al.  Membrane‐bound ATP synthesis generated by an external electrical field , 1976, FEBS letters.

[159]  S. Ferguson,et al.  Measurements of the components of the protonmotive force generated by cytochrome oxidase in submitochondrial particles , 1978, FEBS letters.

[160]  L. Grinius,et al.  Conversion of biomembrane-produced energy into electric form. V. Membrane particles of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and pea chloroplasts. , 1972, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[161]  Portland Press Ltd BBA Library, Volume 14: Structure and Function of Energy-Transducing Membranes , 1978 .

[162]  D. E. Griffiths,et al.  Studies of energy linked reactions: A role for lipoic acid in the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium , 1977, FEBS letters.

[163]  H. Witt Coupling of quanta, electrons, fields, ions and phosphorylation in the functional membrane of photosynthesis. Results by pulse spectroscopic methods , 1971, Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics.

[164]  F. Johnson Reaction rate theory in bioluminescence and other life phenomena. , 1977, Annual review of biophysics and bioengineering.

[165]  G. Schäfer Some new aspects on the interaction of hypoglycemia-producing biguanides with biological membranes. , 1976, Biochemical pharmacology.

[166]  E. Racker A new look at mechanisms in bioenergetics , 1976 .

[167]  D. Ort,et al.  Photophosphorylation as a function of illumination time. I. Effects of permeant cations and permeant anions. , 1976, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[168]  R. J. Williams,et al.  Possible functions of chains of catalysts. , 1962, Journal of theoretical biology.

[169]  G. Azzone,et al.  Anion and amine uptake and uncoupling in submitochondrial particles. , 1976, European journal of biochemistry.

[170]  G. Ling,et al.  Potassium Ion: Is the Bulk of Intracellular K+ Adsorbed? , 1969, Science.

[171]  G. Radda,et al.  Can fluorescent probes tell us anything about membranes , 1972 .

[172]  M. Matsumura,et al.  “Wet-type” solar cells with semiconductor electrodes , 1978 .

[173]  H. Witt,et al.  Relations between the electrical potential, pH gradient, proton flux and phosphorylation in the photosynthetic membrane. , 1976, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[174]  K. Sakata-Sogawa,et al.  Light-induced pH changes and changes in absorbance of pH indicators in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. , 1977, Journal of biochemistry.

[175]  S. Caplan Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and Its Application to Bioenergetics , 1971 .

[176]  R. Casadio,et al.  On the determination of the transmembrane pH difference in bacterial chromatophores using 9-aminoacridine. , 1974, European journal of biochemistry.

[177]  G. Radda,et al.  The Design and Use of Fluorescent Probes for Membrane Studies , 1971 .

[178]  S. McLaughlin,et al.  Salicylates and Phospholipid Bilayer Membranes , 1973, Nature.

[179]  P. Fromherz,et al.  Interfacial pH at electrically charged lipid monolayers investigated by the lipoid pH-indicator method. , 1974, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[180]  D. Kell,et al.  On the current-voltage relationships of energy-transducing membranes: phosphorylating membrane vesicles from Paracoccus denitrificans [proceedings]. , 1978, Biochemical Society transactions.

[181]  E. Gileadi,et al.  Interfacial electrochemistry: An experimental approach , 1975 .

[182]  I. A. Rose,et al.  COUPLING OF REDUCED PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE IN LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES. , 1964, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[183]  P. Glansdorff,et al.  Thermodynamic theory of structure, stability and fluctuations , 1971 .

[184]  K. Kurihara,et al.  Significance of surface potential in interaction of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate with mitochondria: fluorescence intensity and zeta-potential. , 1977, Biochemistry.

[185]  M. Hitchman,et al.  Ring Disc Electrodes , 1971 .

[186]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Acid-base titration across the membrane system of rat-liver mitochondria. Catalysis by uncouplers. , 1967, The Biochemical journal.

[187]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Respiration-driven proton translocation in micrococcus denitrificans , 1970, Journal of bioenergetics.

[188]  W. S. Thayer,et al.  Stoichiometry of adenosine triphosphate-driven proton translocation in bovine heart submitochondrial particles. , 1973, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[189]  B. Mattiasson,et al.  Aspects on Microenvironmental Compartmentation , 1977 .

[190]  J. Stucki,et al.  Stability analysis of biochemical systems--a practical guide. , 1978, Progress in biophysics and molecular biology.

[191]  T. Pozzan,et al.  Proton electrochemical gradient and phosphate potential in submitochondrial particles. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[192]  D C Mikulecky,et al.  A network thermodynamic two-port element to represent the coupled flow of salt and current. Improved alternative for the equivalent circuit. , 1979, Biophysical journal.

[193]  P. Nijs On the nature of electron and energy transport in mitochondria. II. Multiple activation of mitochondrial respiration. , 1967, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[194]  G. Ling,et al.  A new model for the living cell: a summary of the theory and recent experimental evidence in its support. , 1969, International review of cytology.

[195]  P Mitchell,et al.  Vectorial chemistry and the molecular mechanics of chemiosmotic coupling: power transmission by proticity. , 1976, Biochemical Society transactions.

[196]  J. Moult,et al.  Computer simulation of the solvent structure around biological macromolecules , 1978, Nature.

[197]  D. Ort,et al.  Photophosphorylation as a function of illumination time. II. Effects of permeant buffers. , 1976, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[198]  G. Schäfer On the mechanism of action of hypoglycemia-producing biguanides. A reevaluation and a molecular theory. , 1976, Biochemical pharmacology.

[199]  D. Kell,et al.  Continuous monitoring of the electrical potential across energy‐transducing membranes using ion‐selective electrodes Application to submitochondrial particles and chromatophores , 1978, FEBS letters.

[200]  P. Mitchell CHEMIOSMOTIC COUPLING IN OXIDATIVE AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOSPHORYLATION , 1966, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[201]  Z. Gromet-Elhanan Electrochemical gradients and energy coupling in photosynthetic bacteria , 1977 .

[202]  Ulrich Zimmermann,et al.  Membrane Transport in Plants , 1974, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[203]  A. Jagendorf Two-stage phosphorylation techniques: light-to-dark and acid-to-base procedures. , 1972, Methods in enzymology.

[204]  Ilya Prigogine,et al.  Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes , 1967 .

[205]  G. Lindblom,et al.  Biological and model membranes studied by nuclear magnetic resonance of spin one half nuclei , 1977, Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics.

[206]  G K Radda,et al.  On the nature of the energised state of submitochondrial particles; investigations with N-aryl naphthalene sulphonate probes. , 1976, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[207]  F. Dahlquist,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lipid-protein interactions. A model of the dynamics and energetics of phosphatidylcholine bilayers that contain cytochrome c oxidase. , 1977, Biochemistry.

[208]  F. Garlaschi,et al.  On the estimation of proton gradient and osmotic volume in chloroplast membranes , 1977, Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes.

[209]  H. Krebs,et al.  Is the adenine nucleotide translocator rate-limiting for oxidative phosphorylation? , 1978, The Biochemical journal.

[210]  R. Casadio,et al.  Thermodynamics and kinetics of photophosphorylation in bacterial chromatophores and their relation with the transmembrane electrochemical potential difference of protons. , 1977, European journal of biochemistry.

[211]  J. Desimone Perturbations in the sof the double layer at an enzymic surface , 1977 .

[212]  C. Lee,et al.  RESTORATION OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN NON-PHOSPHORYLATING SUBMITOCHONDRIAL PARTICLES BY OLIGOMYCIN. , 1965, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[213]  L. Ernster Chemical and chemiosmotic aspects of electron transport-linked phosphorylation. , 1977, Annual review of biochemistry.

[214]  D. Kell,et al.  The protonmotive force in phosphorylating membrane vesicles from Paracoccus denitrificans. Magnitude, sites of generation and comparison with the phosphorylation potential. , 1978, The Biochemical journal.

[215]  Daniel E. Atkinson,et al.  Limitation of Metabolite Concentrations and the Conservation of Solvent Capacity in the Living Cell , 1969 .

[216]  V. Moses,et al.  Compartmentation of the metabolism of lactose, galactose and glucose in Escherichia coli. , 1968, Journal of general microbiology.

[217]  G. Venturoli,et al.  The rates of onset of photophosphorylation and of the protonic electrochemical potential difference in bacterial chromatophores , 1978 .

[218]  W. Konings,et al.  The electrochemical proton gradient generated by light in membrane vesicles and chromatophores from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. , 1978, European journal of biochemistry.

[219]  B. Chance,et al.  Isothiocyanates. A new class of uncouplers. , 1975, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[220]  S B Hladky,et al.  Ion transport across thin lipid membranes: a critical discussion of mechanisms in selected systems , 1972, Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics.

[221]  P. Nobel,et al.  Electrophoretic studies of light-induced charge in spinach chloroplasts. , 1966, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[222]  C. F. Curtiss,et al.  Molecular Theory Of Gases And Liquids , 1954 .

[223]  A. Eddy,et al.  The concentration of glycine by preparations of the yeast Saccharomyces Carlsbergensis depleted of adenosine triphosphate: Effects of proton gradients and uncoupling agents. , 1976, The Biochemical journal.

[224]  K Nagy,et al.  Photoelectric activity of dried, oriented layers of purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium. , 1978, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[225]  K. Popper,et al.  Conjectures and refutations;: The growth of scientific knowledge , 1972 .

[226]  H. Rottenberg,et al.  The measurement of transmembrane electrochemical proton gradients , 1975, Journal of bioenergetics.

[227]  K. Mosbach,et al.  Metabolic compartmentation: symbiotic, organellar, multienzymic, and microenvironmental. , 1974, Annual review of microbiology.

[228]  A. Lovins,et al.  Soft energy paths , 1978, Nature.

[229]  V. Kupriyanov,et al.  Steady-state kinetics of electron transfer through cytochrome chain of uncoupled submitochondrial particles. II. Influence of pH on kinetics of electron transfer. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[230]  M. Schwartz Light Induced Proton Gradient links Electron Transport and Phosphorylation , 1968, Nature.

[231]  G. R. Welch,et al.  On the free energy "cost of transition" in intermediary metabolic processes and the evolution of cellular infrastructure. , 1977, Journal of theoretical biology.

[232]  S. McLaughlin,et al.  Chaotropic anions and the surface potential of bilayer membranes. , 1975, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[233]  W. Matchett Indole channeling by tryptophan synthase of neurospora. , 1974, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[234]  J. C. Jaeger,et al.  Conduction of Heat in Solids , 1952 .

[235]  G. Radda,et al.  Bioenergetic processes in chromaffin granules a new perspective on some old problems. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[236]  J. Fendler,et al.  Pyranine as a sensitive pH probe for liposome interiors and surfaces. pH gradients across phospholipid vesicles. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[237]  H. Coster,et al.  Anomalous dielectric dispersion in bimolecular lipid membranes. , 1970, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[238]  J. Berriman,et al.  The charging capacitance of the chromatophore membrane , 1978, FEBS letters.

[239]  R. H. Adrian,et al.  Charge movement in the membrane of striated muscle. , 1976, Journal of Physiology.