DNA Template and Activator-Coactivator Requirements for Transcriptional Synergism by Drosophila Bicoid

The template and coactivator requirements for synergistic transcription directed by a single activator, Bicoid (BCD), bound to multiple sites have been determined. Mutagenesis studies in combination with protein binding experiments and reconstituted transcription reactions identified two independent activation domains of BCD that target different coactivator subunits (TAFII110 and TAFII60) of the basal transcription factor IID (TFIID). The presence of both coactivators is required for BCD to recruit the TATA binding protein (TBP)-TAF complex to the promoter and direct synergistic activation of transcription. Thus, contact between multiple activation domains of BCD and different targets within the TFIID complex can mediate transcriptional synergism.

[1]  Tom Maniatis,et al.  Transcriptional activation: A complex puzzle with few easy pieces , 1994, Cell.

[2]  M. Levine,et al.  Regulation of even‐skipped stripe 2 in the Drosophila embryo. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[3]  R. Tjian,et al.  Transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins. , 1989, Science.

[4]  J. Joung,et al.  Synergistic activation of transcription by bacteriophage lambda cI protein and E. coli cAMP receptor protein. , 1994, Science.

[5]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  Rescue of bicoid mutant Drosophila embryos by Bicoid fusion proteins containing heterologous activating sequences , 1989, Nature.

[6]  R. Tjian,et al.  Synergistic activation of transcription by UNC‐86 and MEC‐3 in Caenorhabditis elegans embryo extracts. , 1995, The EMBO journal.

[7]  K. Struhl,et al.  The gradient morphogen bicoid is a concentration-dependent transcriptional activator , 1989, Cell.

[8]  R. Tjian,et al.  Molecular cloning and functional analysis of Drosophila TAF110 reveal properties expected of coactivators , 1993, Cell.

[9]  R. Tjian,et al.  Drosophila TAFII40 interacts with both a VP16 activation domain and the basal transcription factor TFIIB , 1993, Cell.

[10]  R. Tjian,et al.  TAFs and TFIIA mediate differential utilization of the tandem Adh promoters , 1995, Cell.

[11]  D. Herschlag,et al.  Synergism in transcriptional activation: a kinetic view. , 1993, Genes & development.

[12]  Michael Levine,et al.  Binding affinities and cooperative interactions with bHLH activators delimit threshold responses to the dorsal gradient morphogen , 1993, Cell.

[13]  X. Jacq,et al.  Human TAFII30 is present in a distinct TFIID complex and is required for transcriptional activation by the estrogen receptor , 1994, Cell.

[14]  J. Joung,et al.  Synergistic activation of transcription by Escherichia coli cAMP receptor protein. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[15]  R. Tjian,et al.  TBP-TAF complexes: selectivity factors for eukaryotic transcription. , 1994, Current opinion in cell biology.

[16]  Claude Desplan,et al.  Synergy between the hunchback and bicoid morphogens is required for anterior patterning in Drosophila , 1994, Cell.

[17]  P. S. Kim,et al.  Modular structure of transcription factors: Implications for gene regulation , 1991, Cell.

[18]  Robert Tjian,et al.  Isolation and characterization of the Drosophila gene encoding the TATA box binding protein, TFIID , 1990, Cell.

[19]  R. Tjian,et al.  Analysis of Sp1 in vivo reveals mutiple transcriptional domains, including a novel glutamine-rich activation motif , 1988, Cell.

[20]  S. Buratowski,et al.  The basics of basal transcription by RNA polymerase II , 1994, Cell.

[21]  Jun Ma,et al.  Deletion analysis of GAL4 defines two transcriptional activating segments , 1987, Cell.

[22]  Wolfgang Driever,et al.  The bicoid protein is a positive regulator of hunchback transcription in the early Drosophila embryo , 1989, Nature.

[23]  R. Tjian,et al.  p53 transcriptional activation mediated by coactivators TAFII40 and TAFII60. , 1995, Science.

[24]  R. Tjian,et al.  Assembly of recombinant TFIID reveals differential coactivator requirements for distinct transcriptional activators , 1994, Cell.

[25]  Robert Tjian,et al.  Multiple TAFIIs Directing Synergistic Activation of Transcription , 1995, Science.

[26]  R. Tjian,et al.  Cloning and expression of Drosophila TAFII60 and human TAFII70 reveal conserved interactions with other subunits of TFIID. , 1993, The EMBO journal.