Measuring employee-tourist encounter experience value: A big data analytics approach

Abstract This paper takes a text analytics approach to measuring dimensions of employee-visitor encounters that impact on visitor outcomes. A conceptual model measuring dimensions of employee-tourist encounters is implemented using a big data analytics approach more suited to large-scale online review data than the traditional, limited survey approach. Using a dictionary-based measurement approach and a large sample of reviews for hotels (n = 265,016), we test the model and the importance of the factors for leveraging perceptions of satisfaction, service and value. The results demonstrate the importance of the different dimensions of experiential value in employee-tourist encounters in creating positive tourist perceptions. This knowledge is crucial for tourism companies aiming to create experiential value for visitors, rather than simply delivering service quality.

[1]  John R. Rossiter,et al.  The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing , 2002 .

[2]  Stephen L. Vargo,et al.  The Four Service Marketing Myths , 2004 .

[3]  L. Berry,et al.  Managing the Total Customer Experience , 2002 .

[4]  Robert H. Somers,et al.  A new asymmetric measure of association for ordinal variables. , 1962 .

[5]  Flemming Sørensen,et al.  From service to experience: the crucial role of front-line employees , 2017 .

[6]  Peter R. Magnusson,et al.  Value in use through service experience , 2008 .

[7]  C. Kelleher,et al.  Characterizing Value as an Experience , 2012 .

[8]  J. Carlzon Moments of Truth , 1987 .

[9]  Tracy Harkison The use of co-creation within the luxury accommodation experience – myth or reality? , 2018 .

[10]  Jens Nielsen,et al.  The Experience Economy: A new perspective , 2007 .

[11]  P. Chathoth,et al.  Co-production versus co-creation: A process based continuum in the hotel service context , 2013 .

[12]  Jonas Larsen,et al.  Performing Cultural Attractions , 2008 .

[13]  J. Mattsson,et al.  Remembered experiences and revisit intentions: A longitudinal study of safari park visitors , 2016 .

[14]  Nina K. Prebensen,et al.  Coping and co‐creating in tourist experiences , 2011 .

[15]  Gabriele Piccoli,et al.  Managing value co-creation in the tourism industry , 2013 .

[16]  Jon Sundbo,et al.  Introduction to the experience economy , 2013 .

[17]  Stuart J. Barnes,et al.  Mining meaning from online ratings and reviews: Tourist satisfaction analysis using latent dirichlet allocation , 2017 .

[18]  Gilbert A. Churchill A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs , 1979 .

[19]  B. Joseph Pine,et al.  The Experience Economy , 1999 .

[20]  T. Baum,et al.  What about the workers? Roles and skills for employees in hotels of the future , 2016 .

[21]  C. Grönroos,et al.  Critical service logic: making sense of value creation and co-creation , 2013 .

[22]  A. Zátori Exploring the value co-creation process on guided tours (the ‘AIM-model’) and the experience-centric management approach , 2016 .

[23]  J. Kandampully,et al.  Service management principles for hospitality and tourism , 2018 .

[24]  Atìla Yüksel A critique of “Response Bias” in the tourism, travel and hospitality research , 2017 .

[25]  Wei Chen,et al.  The influence of user-generated content on traveler behavior: An empirical investigation on the effects of e-word-of-mouth to hotel online bookings , 2011, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[26]  Richard G. Netemeyer,et al.  Handbook of Marketing Scales: Multi-Item Measures for Marketing and Consumer Behavior Research , 1993 .

[27]  E. Cohen A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences , 1979 .

[28]  Seohee Chang Experience economy in hospitality and tourism: Gain and loss values for service and experience , 2018 .

[29]  G. Shaw,et al.  Aspects of service-dominant logic and its implications for tourism management: Examples from the hotel industry , 2011 .

[30]  V. Tung,et al.  Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. , 2011 .

[31]  C. Prahalad,et al.  Co-creation experiences: The next practice in value creation , 2004 .

[32]  L. Mossberg A Marketing Approach to the Tourist Experience , 2007 .

[33]  Kylie Brosnan,et al.  “I know what you’re going to ask me” Why respondents don’t read survey questions , 2019, International Journal of Market Research.

[34]  E. Binkhorst,et al.  Agenda for Co-Creation Tourism Experience Research , 2009 .

[35]  Thorsten Teichert,et al.  Big data for big insights: Investigating language-specific drivers of hotel satisfaction with 412,784 user-generated reviews , 2017 .

[36]  Mary Jo Bitner,et al.  The Service Encounter: Diagnosing Favorable and Unfavorable Incidents: , 1990 .

[37]  J. H. Gilmore,et al.  The experience economy: past, present and future , 2013 .

[38]  Jens F. Jensen,et al.  Value creation and knowledge development in tourism experience encounters. , 2015 .

[39]  A. Assaf,et al.  Scale Development in Tourism Research: Advocating for a New Paradigm , 2018, Journal of Travel Research.

[40]  Bruce C. Straits,et al.  Approaches to social research , 1993 .

[41]  S. Dolnicar Chapter 5 Accepted Standards Undermining the Validity of Tourism Research , 2007 .

[42]  Bernard Cova,et al.  How to facilitate immersion in a consumption experience: appropriation operations and service elements , 2006 .

[43]  John Armbrecht,et al.  Use value of cultural experiences: A comparison of contingent valuation and travel cost , 2014 .

[44]  Tom Baum,et al.  Reflections on the Nature of Skills in the Experience Economy: Challenging Traditional Skills Models in Hospitality , 2006 .

[45]  Klaus Weiermair,et al.  Tourists’ perceptions towards and satisfaction with service quality in the cross‐cultural service encounter: implications for hospitality and tourism management , 2000 .

[46]  J. Mattsson,et al.  The Mediating Effect of Experiential Value on Tourist Outcomes from Encounter-Based Experiences , 2019, Journal of Travel Research.

[47]  Steven A. Taylor,et al.  Servperf versus Servqual: Reconciling Performance-Based and Perceptions-Minus-Expectations Measurement of Service Quality , 1994 .

[48]  Nicola E. Stokburger-Sauer,et al.  Customer co-creation of travel services: the role of company support and customer satisfaction with the co-creation performance. , 2012 .

[49]  L. Mossberg,et al.  Consumer immersion: a key to extraordinary experiences , 2013 .

[50]  Scott B. MacKenzie,et al.  Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[51]  Linda L. Price,et al.  River Magic: Extraordinary Experience and the Extended Service Encounter , 1993 .

[52]  Per Echeverri,et al.  Co-creation and co-destruction: A practice-theory based study of interactive value formation , 2011 .

[53]  Stephen L. Vargo,et al.  On value and value co-creation: A service systems and service logic perspective , 2008 .

[54]  T. Andersson The Tourist in the Experience Economy , 2007 .

[55]  Estela Marine-Roig,et al.  Tourism analytics with massive user-generated content: a case study of Barcelona. , 2015 .

[56]  J. H. Gilmore,et al.  Authenticity: What Consumers Really Want , 2007 .

[57]  Audrey Gilmore,et al.  Scales in services marketing research: a critique and way forward , 2009 .

[58]  D. D. Vaus,et al.  Surveys in Social Research , 1991 .

[59]  D. Seymour Emotional labour: a comparison between fast food and traditional service work , 2000 .

[60]  Robert F. DeVellis,et al.  Scale Development: Theory and Applications. , 1992 .

[61]  Flemming Sørensen,et al.  Tourism Place Experience Co-creation , 2018 .