Following behaviors: a model for computing following distances based on prediction

In this paper, we present a new model to simulate following behavior. This model is based on a dynamic following distance that changes according to the follower's speed and to the leader's motion. The following distance is associated with a prediction of the leader's future position to give a following ideal position. We show the resulting following trajectory and detail the importance of the distance variation in different situations. The model is evaluated using real data. We demonstrate the capacity of our model to reproduce macroscopic patterns and show that it is also able to synthesize trajectories similar to real ones. Finally, we compare our results with other following models and point out the improvements.

[1]  Henry Been-Lirn Duh,et al.  A Simulation of Bonding Effects and Their Impacts on Pedestrian Dynamics , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[2]  Craig W. Reynolds.  Flocks, herds, and schools: a distributed behavioral model , 1987, SIGGRAPH.

[3]  J. Pettré,et al.  Properties of pedestrians walking in line: fundamental diagrams. , 2011, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[4]  Daniel Thalmann,et al.  Hierarchical Model for Real Time Simulation of Virtual Human Crowds , 2001, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..

[5]  Dinesh Manocha,et al.  Interactive navigation of multiple agents in crowded environments , 2008, I3D '08.

[6]  Soraia Raupp Musse,et al.  Modeling individual behaviors in crowd simulation , 2003, Proceedings 11th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension.

[7]  Sébastien Paris,et al.  Pedestrian Reactive Navigation for Crowd Simulation: a Predictive Approach , 2007, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[8]  A. Seyfried,et al.  The fundamental diagram of pedestrian movement revisited , 2005, physics/0506170.

[9]  Helbing,et al.  Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. , 1995, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[10]  L. Hayduk.  Personal space: Where we now stand. , 1983 .

[11]  Craig W. Reynolds.  Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters , 1999 .

[12]  Céline Loscos,et al.  Intuitive crowd behavior in dense urban environments using local laws , 2003, Proceedings of Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics, 2003..

[13]  Mark H. Overmars,et al.  Simulating and Evaluating the Local Behavior of Small Pedestrian Groups , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[14]  Dimitris N. Metaxas,et al.  Eurographics/ Acm Siggraph Symposium on Computer Animation (2007) Group Behavior from Video: a Data-driven Approach to Crowd Simulation , 2022 .

[15]  Stéphane Donikian,et al.  Experiment-based modeling, simulation and validation of interactions between virtual walkers , 2009, SCA '09.

[16]  E. Hall,et al.  The Hidden Dimension , 1970 .

[17]  Tsai-Yen Li,et al.  Simulating virtual human crowds with a leader-follower model , 2001, Proceedings Computer Animation 2001. Fourteenth Conference on Computer Animation (Cat. No.01TH8596).

[18]  Harry Gifford.  Crowd Simulation , 2013 .

[19]  William H Warren,et al.  Follow the leader: visual control of speed in pedestrian following. , 2014, Journal of vision.

[20]  Cécile Appert-Rolland,et al.  Realistic following behaviors for crowd simulation , 2012, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[21]  Cécile Appert-Rolland,et al.  Properties of pedestrians walking in line. II. Stepping behavior. , 2012, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[22]  A. Schadschneider.  Cellular Automaton Approach to Pedestrian Dynamics - Theory , 2001, cond-mat/0112117.

[23]  ThalmannDaniel,et al.  Hierarchical Model for Real Time Simulation of Virtual Human Crowds , 2001 .

[24]  Dirk Helbing,et al.  Simulating dynamical features of escape panic , 2000, Nature.

[25]  D. Helbing,et al.  The Walking Behaviour of Pedestrian Social Groups and Its Impact on Crowd Dynamics , 2010, PloS one.

[26]  J. Pettré,et al.  A synthetic-vision based steering approach for crowd simulation , 2010, ACM Trans. Graph..