DC Microgrid Planning, Operation, and Control: A Comprehensive Review

In recent years, due to the wide utilization of direct current (DC) power sources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV), fuel cells, different DC loads, high-level integration of different energy storage systems such as batteries, supercapacitors, DC microgrids have been gaining more importance. Furthermore, unlike conventional AC systems, DC microgrids do not have issues such as synchronization, harmonics, reactive power control, and frequency control. However, the incorporation of different distributed generators, such as PV, wind, fuel cell, loads, and energy storage devices in the common DC bus complicates the control of DC bus voltage as well as the power-sharing. In order to ensure the secure and safe operation of DC microgrids, different control techniques, such as centralized, decentralized, distributed, multilevel, and hierarchical control, are presented. The optimal planning of DC microgrids has an impact on operation and control algorithms; thus, coordination among them is required. A detailed review of the planning, operation, and control of DC microgrids is missing in the existing literature. Thus, this article documents developments in the planning, operation, and control of DC microgrids covered in research in the past 15 years. DC microgrid planning, operation, and control challenges and opportunities are discussed. Different planning, control, and operation methods are well documented with their advantages and disadvantages to provide an excellent foundation for industry personnel and researchers. Power-sharing and energy management operation, control, and planning issues are summarized for both grid-connected and islanded DC microgrids. Also, key research areas in DC microgrid planning, operation, and control are identified to adopt cutting-edge technologies. This review explicitly helps readers understand existing developments on DC microgrid planning, operation, and control as well as identify the need for additional research in order to further contribute to the topic.

[1]  Rohit Kumar,et al.  Distributed droop control of dc microgrid for improved voltage regulation and current sharing , 2020, IET Renewable Power Generation.

[2]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  A Virtual Inertia Control Strategy for DC Microgrids Analogized With Virtual Synchronous Machines , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[3]  A. Sujil,et al.  Markov Chain Monte Carlo Sampling Based Bayesian Multivariate Linear Spline Load Forecasting Agent for Smart Microgrid Energy Management System , 2019 .

[4]  Thanh Hung Pham,et al.  Economic constrained optimization for power balancing in a DC microgrid: A multi-source elevator system application , 2020, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems.

[5]  Athula D. Rajapakse,et al.  Microgrids research: A review of experimental microgrids and test systems , 2011 .

[6]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Distributed Secondary Voltage and Frequency Control for Islanded Microgrids With Uncertain Communication Links , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[7]  Jagdeep Singh Lather,et al.  Dynamic current sharing, voltage and SOC regulation for HESS based DC microgrid using CPISMC technique , 2020, Journal of Energy Storage.

[8]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  State-of-Charge Balance Using Adaptive Droop Control for Distributed Energy Storage Systems in DC Microgrid Applications , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[9]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  An Improved Droop Control Method for DC Microgrids Based on Low Bandwidth Communication With DC Bus Voltage Restoration and Enhanced Current Sharing Accuracy , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[10]  B. G. Fernandes,et al.  Distributed Control to Ensure Proportional Load Sharing and Improve Voltage Regulation in Low-Voltage DC Microgrids , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[11]  Hak-Man Kim,et al.  Robust Optimal Operation of AC/DC Hybrid Microgrids Under Market Price Uncertainties , 2018, IEEE Access.

[12]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Coordinated Control of Networked AC/DC Microgrids With Adaptive Virtual Inertia and Governor-Gain for Stability Enhancement , 2021, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[13]  Wayne W. Weaver,et al.  Optimal multidimensional droop control for wind resources in DC microgrids , 2018 .

[14]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Mode-triggered droop method for the decentralized energy management of an islanded hybrid PV/hydrogen/battery DC microgrid , 2020 .

[15]  Xiaolei Hu,et al.  A Decentralized Power Management Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System With Autonomous Bus Voltage Restoration and State-of-Charge Recovery , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[16]  F. Blaabjerg,et al.  Droop Scheme With Consideration of Operating Costs , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[17]  Ad van Wijk,et al.  Integrating a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle with vehicle-to-grid technology, photovoltaic power and a residential building , 2018 .

[18]  Laurent Lefèvre,et al.  Meshed DC microgrid hierarchical control: A differential flatness approach , 2020, Electric Power Systems Research.

[19]  Osama A. Mohammed,et al.  Hierarchical control for DC microgrid clusters with high penetration of distributed energy resources , 2017 .

[20]  Brayima Dakyo,et al.  Energy Management in the Decentralized Generation Systems Based on Renewable Energy—Ultracapacitors and Battery to Compensate the Wind/Load Power Fluctuations , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[21]  Qiao Li,et al.  Consensus-Based Distributed Economic Dispatch Control Method in Power Systems , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[22]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Power Management Strategy Based on Virtual Inertia for DC Microgrids , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[23]  L. F. Grisales-Norena,et al.  Economic Dispatch of Renewable Generators and BESS in DC Microgrids Using Second-Order Cone Optimization , 2020 .

[24]  Stefan Tenbohlen,et al.  Optimization of unit commitment and economic dispatch in microgrids based on genetic algorithm and mixed integer linear programming , 2018 .

[25]  Seifeddine BEN ELGHALI,et al.  Selecting and optimal sizing of hybridized energy storage systems for tidal energy integration into power grid , 2018, Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy.

[26]  Kai Sun,et al.  Power control of DC microgrid using DC bus signaling , 2011, 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[27]  M. A. Abido,et al.  Fault Ride Through Capability Enhancement of a Large-Scale PMSG Wind System with Bridge Type Fault Current Limiters , 2018 .

[28]  Amin Khodaei,et al.  Optimal Energy Storage Sizing and Siting in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids , 2018, 2018 North American Power Symposium (NAPS).

[29]  Narsa Reddy Tummuru,et al.  Control of a Supercapacitor-Battery-PV Based Stand-Alone DC-Microgrid , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[30]  Li Guo,et al.  Observer-Based DC Voltage Droop and Current Feed-Forward Control of a DC Microgrid , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[31]  Aboubakr Salem,et al.  High-Level Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources Into Grid Utility: Challenges and Solutions , 2020, IEEE Access.

[32]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Hierarchical Control of Droop-Controlled AC and DC Microgrids—A General Approach Toward Standardization , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[33]  Mo-Yuen Chow,et al.  Convergence Analysis of the Incremental Cost Consensus Algorithm Under Different Communication Network Topologies in a Smart Grid , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[34]  Wei Wei,et al.  Decentralized coordination control of PV generators, storage battery, hydrogen production unit and fuel cell in islanded DC microgrid , 2020 .

[35]  Rush D. Robinett,et al.  Decentralized Mode-Adaptive Guidance and Control for DC Microgrid , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[36]  Md. Kamal Hossain,et al.  Transient stability augmentation of PV/DFIG/SG-based hybrid power system by parallel-resonance bridge fault current limiter , 2016 .

[37]  Fabrice Locment,et al.  Intelligent DC Microgrid With Smart Grid Communications: Control Strategy Consideration and Design , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[38]  Alian Chen,et al.  Hybrid AC/DC microgrid energy management based on renewable energy sources forecasting , 2017, 2017 36th Chinese Control Conference (CCC).

[39]  Geng Yang,et al.  Siting and sizing method of energy storage system of microgrid based on power flow sensitivity analysis , 2009 .

[40]  Dianguo Xu,et al.  Optimal Sizing of Distributed Generations in DC Microgrids With Comprehensive Consideration of System Operation Modes and Operation Targets , 2018, IEEE Access.

[41]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  DC Microgrids—Part II: A Review of Power Architectures, Applications, and Standardization Issues , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[42]  Jianxiao Zou,et al.  An optimal dispatching strategy for V2G aggregator participating in supplementary frequency regulation considering EV driving demand and aggregator’s benefits , 2017 .

[43]  T. Nguyen,et al.  Stochastic Optimization of Renewable-Based Microgrid Operation Incorporating Battery Operating Cost , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[44]  Jian Yang,et al.  A Distributed Control Scheme on Cost Optimization Under Communication Delays for DC Microgrids , 2017 .

[45]  Ali Davoudi,et al.  Distributed Tertiary Control of DC Microgrid Clusters , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[46]  Avik Bhattacharya,et al.  Real-Time Simulation of Smart DC Microgrid with Decentralized Control System Under Source Disturbances , 2019, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering.

[47]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Hierarchical Control of Parallel AC-DC Converter Interfaces for Hybrid Microgrids , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[48]  Saeed Peyghami,et al.  Autonomous and decentralized load sharing and energy management approach for DC microgrids , 2019 .

[49]  Arman Alahyari,et al.  Optimal energy management and sizing of renewable energy and battery systems in residential sectors via a stochastic MILP model , 2020 .

[50]  Xinghuo Yu,et al.  Distributed Multi-DER Cooperative Control for Master-Slave-Organized Microgrid Networks With Limited Communication Bandwidth , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[51]  Ahmed M. Azmy,et al.  Adaptive droop control for balancing SOC of distributed batteries in DC microgrids , 2019, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution.

[52]  Pierluigi Mancarella,et al.  Microgrids: Overview and guidelines for practical implementations and operation , 2020, Applied Energy.

[53]  Yubin Wang,et al.  Distributed control strategy of hybrid energy storage system in the DC microgrid , 2019, The Journal of Engineering.

[54]  Ahmed M. A. Haidar,et al.  The current state of Distributed Renewable Generation, challenges of interconnection and opportunities for energy conversion based DC microgrids , 2020 .

[55]  Frank L. Lewis,et al.  Distributed Consensus-Based Economic Dispatch With Transmission Losses , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[56]  Amandeep Kaur,et al.  A review on microgrid central controller , 2016 .

[57]  Francesc Guinjoan,et al.  Fuzzy-based energy management of a residential electro-thermal microgrid based on power forecasting , 2018, IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[58]  Luiz A. C. Lopes,et al.  A novel seamless control algorithm for a single-stage photovoltaic interface employing DC bus signaling , 2019 .

[59]  Taha Selim Ustun,et al.  Recent developments in microgrids and example cases around the world—A review , 2011 .

[60]  Nikos D. Hatziargyriou,et al.  DC-microgrid control strategy using DC-BUS signaling , 2014 .

[61]  M. Hijjo,et al.  PV-Battery-Diesel microgrid layout design based on stochastic optimization , 2017, 2017 6th International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP).

[62]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Synchronverter-Enabled DC Power Sharing Approach for LVDC Microgrids , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[63]  Ramadan El-Shatshat,et al.  Virtual Synchronous Machine/Dual-Droop Controller for Parallel Interlinking Converters in Hybrid AC–DC Microgrids , 2020, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering.

[64]  Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt,et al.  Trends in Microgrid Control , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[65]  Yasunori Mitani,et al.  Battery energy storage system size optimization in microgrid using particle swarm optimization , 2014, IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe.

[66]  Sebastian Trip,et al.  Sliding mode voltage control of boost converters in DC microgrids , 2018 .

[67]  Qobad Shafiee,et al.  Robust decentralized voltage control for uncertain DC microgrids , 2021 .

[68]  Sachin Devassy,et al.  Review of hierarchical control strategies for DC microgrid , 2020, IET Renewable Power Generation.

[69]  G R Arab Markadeh,et al.  Fully decentralized robust backstepping voltage control of photovoltaic systems for DC islanded microgrids based on disturbance observer method. , 2020, ISA transactions.

[70]  Yasunori Mitani,et al.  Optimum battery energy storage system using PSO considering dynamic demand response for microgrids , 2016 .

[71]  Fanqi Meng,et al.  An Inertia and Damping Control Method of DC–DC Converter in DC Microgrids , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[72]  Antonello Monti,et al.  Case study of voltage control for MVDC microgrids with constant power loads - Comparison between centralized and decentralized control strategies , 2016, 2016 18th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON).

[73]  Yanjun Li,et al.  Stability and steady state analysis of distributed cooperative droop controlled DC microgrids , 2015, 1510.03044.

[74]  Wenxin Liu,et al.  Adaptive decentralized output-constrained control of single-bus DC microgrids , 2019, IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica.

[75]  Na Li,et al.  Connecting Automatic Generation Control and Economic Dispatch From an Optimization View , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems.

[76]  Mahesh K. Mishra,et al.  PSO based power sharing scheme for an islanded DC microgrid system , 2017, IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[77]  Robert Plana,et al.  Load and Renewable Energy Forecasting for a Microgrid using Persistence Technique , 2017 .

[78]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Distributed secondary control in DC microgrids with low-bandwidth communication link , 2016, 2016 7th Power Electronics and Drive Systems Technologies Conference (PEDSTC).

[79]  Ming Yang,et al.  Nonlinear integral backstepping based control of a DC microgrid with renewable generation and energy storage systems , 2020 .

[80]  Paul Leahy,et al.  Sizing Battery Energy Storage Systems: Using Multi-Objective Optimization to Overcome the Investment Scale Problem of Annual Worth , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[81]  Peng Wang,et al.  A Distributed and Robust Energy Management System for Networked Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[82]  Ioannis P. Panapakidis,et al.  Combined forecasting system for short‐term bus load forecasting based on clustering and neural networks , 2020 .

[83]  M. A. Abido,et al.  Model Predictive Control Approach for Bridge-Type Fault Current Limiter in VSC-HVDC System , 2019 .

[84]  Mohammad Shahidehpour,et al.  DC Microgrids: Economic Operation and Enhancement of Resilience by Hierarchical Control , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[85]  Ramchandra Bhosale,et al.  Fuzzy Logic Control of the Ultracapacitor Interface for Enhanced Transient Response and Voltage Stability of a DC Microgrid , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[86]  N. D. Hatziargyriou,et al.  Review of hierarchical control in DC microgrids , 2015 .

[87]  M. Akbari,et al.  A PSO solution for improved voltage stability of a hybrid ac-dc microgrid , 2011, ISGT2011-India.

[88]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Online Optimal Generation Control Based on Constrained Distributed Gradient Algorithm , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[89]  Jiashen Teh,et al.  Optimum Network Ageing and Battery Sizing for Improved Wind Penetration and Reliability , 2020, IEEE Access.

[90]  Luca Moretti,et al.  An efficient robust optimization model for the unit commitment and dispatch of multi-energy systems and microgrids , 2020 .

[91]  S. N. Bhaskara,et al.  Microgrids — A review of modeling, control, protection, simulation and future potential , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[92]  Farrokh Aminifar,et al.  Cybersecurity in Distributed Power Systems , 2017, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[93]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Coordinated Control Based on Bus-Signaling and Virtual Inertia for Islanded DC Microgrids , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[94]  Pedro Francisco Donoso-Garcia,et al.  Distributed Secondary Level Control for Energy Storage Management in DC Microgrids , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[95]  Chul-Hwan Kim,et al.  Robust Centralized Control for DC Islanded Microgrid Considering Communication Network Delay , 2020, IEEE Access.

[96]  Hemanshu R. Pota,et al.  Evolution of microgrids with converter-interfaced generations: Challenges and opportunities , 2018, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems.

[97]  Hao Deng,et al.  Central energy management method for photovoltaic DC micro-grid system based on power tracking control , 2017 .

[98]  Frank L. Lewis,et al.  Distributed Adaptive Droop Control for DC Distribution Systems , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[99]  Changyun Wen,et al.  A Decentralized Dynamic Power Sharing Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System in Autonomous DC Microgrid , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[100]  Guido Carpinelli,et al.  Probabilistic sizing of battery energy storage when time-of-use pricing is applied , 2016 .

[101]  Ali Dinc,et al.  Optimization of Electric Vehicle Battery Size and Reduction Ratio Using Genetic Algorithm , 2020, 2020 11th International Conference on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (ICMAE).

[102]  T. L. Vandoorn,et al.  Analogy Between Conventional Grid Control and Islanded Microgrid Control Based on a Global DC-Link Voltage Droop , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[103]  Jun Wang,et al.  Robust droop control of DC distribution networks , 2016 .

[104]  Toru Namerikawa,et al.  Short-term wind power prediction for wind turbine via kalman filter based on JIT modeling , 2013, The SICE Annual Conference 2013.

[105]  Jaime Lloret,et al.  Short-Term Load Forecasting for Microgrids Based on Artificial Neural Networks , 2013 .

[106]  Ehab F. El-Saadany,et al.  Optimal Configuration of Isolated Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[107]  M. A. Abido,et al.  Series Dynamic Braking Resistor Based Protection Scheme for Inverter Based Distributed Generation System , 2018, 2018 International Conference on Innovations in Science, Engineering and Technology (ICISET).

[108]  Peng Wang,et al.  Power-Capacity-Based Bus-Voltage Region Partition and Online Droop Coefficient Tuning for Real-Time Operation of DC Microgrids , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[109]  R. Duke,et al.  Decentralized generator scheduling in a nanogrid using DC bus signaling , 2004, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2004..

[110]  Mohammad Rizwan,et al.  Sizing of renewable energy based hybrid system for rural electrification using grey wolf optimisation approach , 2019, IET Energy Systems Integration.

[111]  Mohammad Ali Abido,et al.  Fault Current Limiters in Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review , 2018 .

[112]  Chris Marnay,et al.  Optimal planning of microgrid power and operating reserve capacity , 2018 .

[113]  Ali Elrayyah,et al.  Optimized Droop Control Parameters for Effective Load Sharing and Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrids , 2015 .

[115]  Alibakhsh Kasaeian,et al.  Optimizing a hybrid wind-PV-battery system using GA-PSO and MOPSO for reducing cost and increasing reliability , 2017, Energy.

[116]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  Enhanced Evolutionary Sizing Algorithms for Optimal Sizing of a Stand-Alone PV-WT-Battery Hybrid System , 2019 .

[117]  Ming Yang,et al.  Design of integral terminal sliding mode controller for the hybrid AC/DC microgrids involving renewables and energy storage systems , 2020 .

[118]  D. Iannuzzi,et al.  Building DC microgrids: Planning of an experimental platform with power hardware in the loop features , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA).

[119]  Jang-Won Lee,et al.  Adaptive Contextual Learning for Unit Commitment in Microgrids With Renewable Energy Sources , 2018, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[120]  Mohammad Shahidehpour,et al.  Two-Layer Control Scheme for Maintaining the Frequency and the Optimal Economic Operation of Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[121]  H. Akagi,et al.  DC microgrid based distribution power generation system , 2004, The 4th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2004. IPEMC 2004..

[122]  Hua Han,et al.  Locally-distributed and globally-decentralized control for hybrid series-parallel microgrids , 2020 .

[123]  Amin Khodaei,et al.  Static hybrid AC/DC microgrid planning , 2016, 2016 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT).

[124]  Mostafa F. Shaaban,et al.  An Efficient Planning Algorithm for Hybrid Remote Microgrids , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[125]  Yi Tang,et al.  Implementation of Hierarchical Control in DC Microgrids , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[126]  Robert H. Lasseter,et al.  Power Reserve for Grid-Forming PV Sources with Stability Enhancement in Mixed-Source Microgrids , 2019, 2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM).

[127]  Hang Yu,et al.  An integrated and reconfigurable hybrid AC/DC microgrid architecture with autonomous power flow control for nearly/net zero energy buildings , 2020 .

[128]  Pavol Bauer,et al.  Physical integration of PV-battery system: Advantages, challenges, and thermal model , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON).

[129]  M. A. Abido,et al.  Non-Linear Control for Variable Resistive Bridge Type Fault Current Limiter in AC-DC Systems , 2019, Energies.

[130]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Fuzzy-logic-based gain-scheduling control for state-of-charge balance of distributed energy storage systems for DC microgrids , 2014, 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014.

[131]  Lieven Vandevelde,et al.  Day-ahead unit commitment model for microgrids , 2017 .

[132]  Richard Duke,et al.  DC-Bus Signaling: A Distributed Control Strategy for a Hybrid Renewable Nanogrid , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[133]  Panbao Wang,et al.  Optimal sizing of distributed generations in a connected DC micro-grid with hybrid energy storage system , 2015, 2015 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[134]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Distributed Primary and Secondary Power Sharing in a Droop-Controlled LVDC Microgrid With Merged AC and DC Characteristics , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[135]  Yusef Esa,et al.  Communication-Based Control for DC Microgrids , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[136]  Alok Agrawal,et al.  Distributed coordination control of hybrid energy resources for power sharing in coupled hybrid DC/AC microgrid using paralleled IFCs/ILCs , 2019, IET Smart Grid.

[137]  Jose L. Martinez-Ramos,et al.  Stochastic unit commitment in microgrids: Influence of the load forecasting error and the availability of energy storage , 2020 .

[138]  A. Sujil,et al.  FCM Clustering‐ANFIS‐based PV and wind generation forecasting agent for energy management in a smart microgrid , 2019, The Journal of Engineering.

[139]  Xuning Feng,et al.  Virtual-battery based droop control and energy storage system size optimization of a DC microgrid for electric vehicle fast charging station , 2020 .

[140]  M. A. Abido,et al.  Fault Ride through Capability Augmentation of a DFIG-Based Wind Integrated VSC-HVDC System with Non-Superconducting Fault Current Limiter , 2019, Sustainability.

[141]  Mahmoud Saleh,et al.  Centralized control for DC microgrid using finite state machine , 2017, 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT).

[142]  Shahram Jadid,et al.  Sustainable and reliable hybrid AC/DC microgrid planning considering technology choice of equipment , 2020 .

[143]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Modeling and Sensitivity Study of Consensus Algorithm-Based Distributed Hierarchical Control for DC Microgrids , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[144]  S. N. Singh,et al.  Design and analysis of a DC microgrid with centralized Battery Energy Storage System , 2015, 2015 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON).

[145]  Michael Stadler,et al.  Strategies for microgrid operation under real-world conditions , 2021, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[146]  Pierluigi Siano,et al.  Optimal Battery Sizing in Microgrids Using Probabilistic Unit Commitment , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[147]  Nasser Sadati,et al.  Robust tuning of transient droop gains based on Kharitonov's stability theorem in droop-controlled microgrids , 2018 .

[148]  Nitin Singh,et al.  Design, operation and control of a vast DC microgrid for integration of renewable energy sources , 2020 .

[149]  Sukumar Mishra,et al.  Distributed Screening of Hijacking Attacks in DC Microgrids , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[150]  Marco Mazzotti,et al.  Seasonal energy storage for zero-emissions multi-energy systems via underground hydrogen storage , 2020, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[151]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Microgrids: Hierarchical Control and an Overview of the Control and Reserve Management Strategies , 2013, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine.

[152]  Luai M. Alhems,et al.  Optimum Sizing of Hybrid PV, Wind, Battery and Diesel System Using Lightning Search Algorithm , 2020 .

[153]  P. Siano,et al.  A MILP optimization model for assessing the participation of distributed residential PV-battery systems in the ancillary services market , 2020 .

[154]  Jiazhi Lei,et al.  Operating strategy and optimal allocation of large-scale VRB energy storage system in active distribution networks for solar/wind power applications , 2017 .

[155]  Yang Fu,et al.  Hierarchical control of DC microgrid with dynamical load power sharing , 2019, Applied Energy.

[156]  Ibanez Federico,et al.  Master–slave DC droop control for paralleling auxiliary DC/DC converters in electric bus applications , 2017 .

[157]  Hak-Man Kim,et al.  Microgrids as a resilience resource and strategies used by microgrids for enhancing resilience , 2019, Applied Energy.

[158]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Tertiary and Secondary Control Levels for Efficiency Optimization and System Damping in Droop Controlled DC–DC Converters , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[159]  Miguel Castilla,et al.  Decentralized Switched Current Control for DC Microgrids , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[160]  Xunwei Yu,et al.  Hierarchical power management for DC microgrid in islanding mode and Solid State transformer enabled mode , 2013, IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[161]  Fei GAO,et al.  Primary and secondary control in DC microgrids: a review , 2018, Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy.

[162]  Hui Zhang,et al.  An SOC-Based Virtual DC Machine Control for Distributed Storage Systems in DC Microgrids , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[163]  Hemanshu R. Pota,et al.  Robust Nonlinear Adaptive Feedback Linearizing Decentralized Controller Design for Islanded DC Microgrids , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[164]  Li Li,et al.  Stability Analysis of a Novel Distributed Secondary Control Considering Communication Delay in DC Microgrids , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[165]  Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo,et al.  Short-Term Load Forecasting of Microgrid via Hybrid Support Vector Regression and Long Short-Term Memory Algorithms , 2020, Sustainability.

[166]  Magdy M. A. Salama,et al.  A planning framework for AC-DC bilayer microgrids , 2020 .

[167]  Hazlie Mokhlis,et al.  Grey Wolf Optimizer Based Battery Energy Storage System Sizing for Economic Operation of Microgrid , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe).

[168]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Dynamic consensus algorithm based distributed global efficiency optimization of a droop controlled DC microgrid , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON).

[169]  Amir Basati,et al.  GA-based optimal droop control approach to improve voltage regulation and equal power sharing for islanded DC microgrids , 2016, 2016 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability (PQ).

[170]  Mohammad Ali Abido,et al.  Fault Ride-through Capability Enhancement of Voltage Source Converter-High Voltage Direct Current Systems with Bridge Type Fault Current Limiters , 2017 .

[171]  Fabrice Locment,et al.  Energy management of DC microgrid based on photovoltaic combined with diesel generator and supercapacitor , 2017 .

[172]  M.-R Haghifam,et al.  A mixed-integer linear model for optimal operation of hybrid AC-DC microgrid considering Renewable Energy Resources and PHEVs , 2015, 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech.

[173]  B. Dakyo,et al.  Use of Ultracapacitors and Batteries for Efficient Energy Management in Wind–Diesel Hybrid System , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[174]  Jun Hu,et al.  Islanding detection method for PV grid-connected inverter based on dynamic reactive power disturbance , 2015, 2015 IEEE 10th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA).

[175]  Pengcheng Li,et al.  Bidirectional DC/DC and SOC Drooping Control for DC Microgrid Application , 2020, Electronics.

[176]  Kai Sun,et al.  A Distributed Control Strategy Based on DC Bus Signaling for Modular Photovoltaic Generation Systems With Battery Energy Storage , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[177]  Tomislav Dragicevic,et al.  An improved power regulation method for a three-terminal hybrid AC/DC microgrid during module failure , 2020 .

[178]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Review on Control of DC Microgrids and Multiple Microgrid Clusters , 2017, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[179]  Tsuneyo Sano,et al.  Load current forecasting using statistical analysis , 2017 .

[180]  V. Fernao Pires,et al.  Multiobjective formulation of the integration of storage systems within distribution networks for improving reliability , 2017 .

[181]  Fanghong Guo,et al.  A Distributed Power Management Strategy for Multi-Paralleled Bidirectional Interlinking Converters in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[182]  Fred C. Lee,et al.  Energy management system control and experiment for future home , 2014, 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[183]  Xiaodai Dong,et al.  Short-Term Operation Scheduling in Renewable-Powered Microgrids: A Duality-Based Approach , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[184]  Antonio Griffo,et al.  A Universal Droop Controller for DC-DC Converter Interfaces onto a Modular Multi-Tiered DC Microgrid , 2018 .

[185]  S. Mishra,et al.  Power oscillation reduction contribution by PV in deloaded mode , 2016, 2016 IEEE 6th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS).

[186]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  DC Microgrids—Part I: A Review of Control Strategies and Stabilization Techniques , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[187]  Lingfeng Wang,et al.  Planning and optimization of autonomous DC microgrids for rural and urban applications in India , 2018 .

[188]  Francesc Guinjoan,et al.  Energy management strategy for a grid-tied residential microgrid based on Fuzzy Logic and power forecasting , 2016, IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[189]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Intelligent Distributed Generation and Storage Units for DC Microgrids—A New Concept on Cooperative Control Without Communications Beyond Droop Control , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[190]  Z. John Shen,et al.  Secondary Power Sharing Regulation Strategy for a DC Microgrid via Maximum Loading Factor , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[191]  Ali Elrayyah,et al.  Construction of Nonlinear Droop Relations to Optimize Islanded Microgrid Operation , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[192]  Amin Khodaei,et al.  AC Versus DC Microgrid Planning , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[193]  Xinghuo Yu,et al.  Droop-Based Distributed Cooperative Control for Microgrids With Time-Varying Delays , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[194]  P Hariprasath,et al.  A Management of power flow for DC Microgrid with Solar and Wind Energy Sources , 2018, 2018 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI).

[195]  N.D. Hatziargyriou,et al.  Centralized Control for Optimizing Microgrids Operation , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[196]  Aldo Sorniotti,et al.  Power split strategies for hybrid energy storage systems for vehicular applications , 2014 .

[197]  Yu Kang,et al.  Closed-Loop Hierarchical Operation for Optimal Unit Commitment and Dispatch in Microgrids: A Hybrid System Approach , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[198]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Economic Dispatch for Operating Cost Minimization Under Real-Time Pricing in Droop-Controlled DC Microgrid , 2017, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[199]  Magdy M. A. Salama,et al.  Optimal ESS Allocation for Load Management Application , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[200]  Hamid Khayyam,et al.  A probabilistic unit commitment model for optimal operation of plug-in electric vehicles in microgrid , 2016 .

[201]  Z. John Shen,et al.  Hierarchical structure and bus voltage control of DC microgrid , 2018 .

[202]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Distributed secondary control for dc microgrid applications with enhanced current sharing accuracy , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.

[203]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Supervisory Control of an Adaptive-Droop Regulated DC Microgrid With Battery Management Capability , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[204]  Ramazan Bayindir,et al.  Microgrid testbeds around the world: State of art , 2014 .