Using ecological momentary assessment to determine media use by individuals with and without major depressive disorder.

OBJECTIVE To use ecological momentary assessment techniques to measure the association of major depressive disorder (MDD) with media use. DESIGN Data were collected using an ecological momentary assessment protocol with cellular telephone-based brief interviews. SETTING Participants received as many as 60 telephone calls from a trained staff member during 5 extended weekends in an 8-week period. PARTICIPANTS One hundred six adolescent participants who were part of a larger neurobehavioral study of depression in Pittsburgh from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2008. MAIN EXPOSURE At each call, participants were asked whether they were using the following 5 types of media: television or movies, music, video games, Internet, and print media, such as magazines, newspapers, and books. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We developed multivariable models to determine the independent association of each type of media use with MDD, controlling for sociodemographic variables. RESULTS Of the 106 participants, 46 were diagnosed as having MDD. In multivariable models controlling for age, sex, and race, each increasing quartile of audio use was associated with an 80% increase in the odds of having MDD (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.8; P = .01 for trend). Conversely, each increasing quartile of print media use was associated with a 50% decrease in the odds of having MDD (odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-0.9; P = .009 for trend). CONCLUSIONS Major depressive disorder is positively associated with popular music exposure and negatively associated with reading print media such as books. Further research elucidating the directionality and strength of these relationships may help advance understanding of the relationships between media use and MDD.