A STATCOM with Supercapacitors for Low-Voltage Ride-Through in Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines

Fixed-speed wind generator (FSWG) technology has an important presence in countries where wind energy started to be developed more than a decade ago. This type of technology cannot be directly adapted to the grid codes, for example those requirements related to the immunity level under voltage dips. That behavior is typically referred as low-voltage ride through (LVRT), and it usually implies certain reactive and active power injection requirements, both during a voltage dip and during the voltage recovery. In this context, a review is presented of the LVRT exigencies present in some of the countries with the most advanced grid codes (Denmark, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom). In this paper, the capabilities of STATCOM-based devices for fulfilling the LVRT requirements in FSWGs are analyzed. For this purpose, two technologies are considered: a STATCOM with a supercapacitor, which improves its energy storage features; and a STATCOM with a supercapacitor and a DC-DC converter, to achieve higher discharge levels.

[1]  Chee-Mun. Ong,et al.  Dynamic simulation of electric machinery : using MATLAB/SIMULINK , 1997 .

[2]  J. Cidras,et al.  Power fluctuations in an isolated wind plant , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[3]  P. Rodriguez,et al.  Overview of FACTS devices for wind power plants directly connected to the transmission network , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.

[4]  Masuo Goto,et al.  Power system stability improvement by energy storage type STATCOM , 2003, 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings,.

[5]  J. Cidras,et al.  Control Algorithm for Coordinated Reactive Power Compensation in a Wind Park , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[6]  Rahmat Suryana.  Frequency control of standalone wind turbine with supercapacitor , 2011, 2011 IEEE 33rd International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC).

[7]  G. Joos,et al.  Supercapacitor Energy Storage for Wind Energy Applications , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[8]  G. Joos,et al.  A power electronic interface for a battery supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for wind applications , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[9]  J. Cidras,et al.  An Approach to Determine the Weibull Parameters for Wind Energy Analysis: The Case of Galicia (Spain) , 2014 .

[10]  M. B. Brennen,et al.  Vector analysis and control of advanced static VAr compensators , 1991 .

[11]  Nicholas Jenkins,et al.  Application study of a STATCOM with energy storage , 2003 .

[12]  C.W. Taylor,et al.  Benefits of SVC and STATCOM for electric utility application , 2003, 2003 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37495).

[13]  T. C. Green,et al.  Benefits and control of STATCOM with energy storage in wind power generation , 2006 .

[14]  Hamid Gualous,et al.  Design and New Control of DC/DC Converters to Share Energy Between Supercapacitors and Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[15]  P. B. Eriksen,et al.  System operation with high wind penetration , 2005, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[16]  S. Bhattacharya,et al.  Improving distribution system performance with integrated STATCOM and supercapacitor energy storage system , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[17]  A.H.M.A. Rahim,et al.  Supercapacitor energy storage system for fault ride-through of a DFIG wind generation system , 2012 .

[18]  A.S. Samosir,et al.  Dynamic evolution control of bidirectional DC-DC converter for interfacing ultracapacitor energy storage to Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle system , 2008, 2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference.

[19]  Hadi Saadat,et al.  Power System Analysis , 1998 .

[20]  V. Vanitha,et al.  Transient Stability Improvement of a Squirrel Cage Induction Generator in Wind Farm Using STATCOM with Supercapacitor , 2012 .

[21]  Tore Undeland,et al.  Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design , 1989 .

[22]  Thomas Ackermann,et al.  Wind Power in Power Systems , 2005 .

[23]  Jon Are Suul,et al.  Low Voltage Ride Through of Wind Farms With Cage Generators: STATCOM Versus SVC , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[24]  Peter Vas,et al.  Sensorless vector and direct torque control , 1998 .

[25]  Juan Dixon,et al.  Ultracapacitors + DC-DC converters in regenerative braking system , 2002 .

[26]  T. W. Cease,et al.  Development of a /spl plusmn/100 MVAr static condenser for voltage control of transmission systems , 1995 .

[27]  S. Bacha,et al.  Real-Time Analysis of the Transient Response Improvement of Fixed-Speed Wind Farms by Using a Reduced-Scale STATCOM Prototype , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[28]  Mike Barnes,et al.  Power quality and stability improvement of a wind farm using STATCOM supported with hybrid battery energy storage , 2006 .

[29]  Hans-Peter Nee,et al.  Design Study of a Converter Interface Interconnecting Energy Storage With the DC Link of a StatCom , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[30]  J.P. Barton,et al.  Energy storage and its use with intermittent renewable energy , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[31]  Chengxiong Mao,et al.  Use of Battery Energy Storage System to Improve the Power Quality and Stability of Wind Farms , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Power System Technology.

[32]  J. Cidrás,et al.  Review of power curve modelling for wind turbines , 2013 .

[33]  J. Cidrás,et al.  Flicker mitigation and voltage sag ride through of a wind turbine using an STATCOM , 2009 .

[34]  Hemanshu R. Pota,et al.  Improved low-voltage-ride-through capability of fixed-speed wind turbines using decentralised control of STATCOM with energy storage system , 2012 .

[35]  Zhe Chen,et al.  Overview of different wind generator systems and their comparisons , 2008 .

[36]  Adel Nasiri,et al.  Power smoothing and power ramp control for wind energy using energy storage , 2011, 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[37]  P. Sekhar,et al.  Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices , 2012 .

[38]  Roger A. Dougal,et al.  Supercapacitor energy storage for low-voltage ride through in a 13.8KV AC system , 2010, Proceedings of the IEEE SoutheastCon 2010 (SoutheastCon).

[39]  R. Faranda,et al.  A new simplified model of Double-Layer Capacitors , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power.