Portable Doppler/FSK/FMCW Radar Systems for Life Activity Sensing and Human Localization

This paper presents recent progress on portable Doppler, frequency-shift keying (FSK) and frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar systems for life activity sensing and human localization. It starts from a software-based calibration technology that significantly improves the accuracy and reliability of millimeter-wave interferometry radar front-end for physiological motion and vocal vibration detection. Then, the operation principle and unique features of FSK and FMCW radar, such as RF/digital beamforming, for human-aware sensing and localization will be presented. To reject clutter noise, which is a common challenge for practical deployment of short-range radar system, intermodulation radar technique will be discussed. Then, machine learning will be presented as an efficient approach to make the radar system smart for automatic classification and decision making. Finally, challenges for biomedical radar systems and future development directions will be discussed.

[1]  Youngwook Kim,et al.  Human Activity Classification Based on Micro-Doppler Signatures Using a Support Vector Machine , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[2]  Wenbing Tao,et al.  Radar-based fall detection based on Doppler time-frequency signatures for assisted living , 2015 .

[3]  Changzhi Li,et al.  A Portable FMCW Interferometry Radar With Programmable Low-IF Architecture for Localization, ISAR Imaging, and Vital Sign Tracking , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[4]  Ke Wu,et al.  Three-frequency principle for automotive radar system , 2004, Proceedings. 2004 IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8746).

[5]  Changzhan Gu,et al.  A Hybrid FMCW-Interferometry Radar for Indoor Precise Positioning and Versatile Life Activity Monitoring , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[6]  Xiaohua Zhu,et al.  A portable 24-GHz auditory radar for non-contact speech sensing with background noise rejection and directional discrimination , 2016, 2016 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS).

[7]  Moeness G. Amin,et al.  Performance analysis of dual-frequency CW radars for motion detection and ranging in urban sensing applications , 2007, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[8]  F. Ahmad,et al.  Dual-Frequency Radars for Target Localization in Urban Sensing , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[9]  Ke Wu,et al.  Noise and Sensitivity of Harmonic Radar Architecture for Remote Sensing and Detection of Vital Signs , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[10]  Jing Wang,et al.  A Human Tracking and Physiological Monitoring FSK Technology for Single Senior at Home Care , 2018, 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[11]  J. Lin,et al.  Experiment and Spectral Analysis of a Low-Power $Ka$-Band Heartbeat Detector Measuring From Four Sides of a Human Body , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[12]  Yong-Hoon Kim,et al.  Design and Performance of a 24-GHz Switch-Antenna Array FMCW Radar System for Automotive Applications , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[13]  Izzet Kale,et al.  Adaptive compensation of analog front-end I/Q mismatches in digital receivers , 2001, ISCAS 2001. The 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (Cat. No.01CH37196).

[14]  Yang Zhang,et al.  A 94-GHz Millimeter-Wave Sensor for Speech Signal Acquisition , 2013, Sensors.

[15]  Changzhi Li,et al.  5.8-GHz ISM band intermodulation radar for high-sensitivity motion-sensing applications , 2018, 2018 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS).

[16]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  Range correlation and I/Q performance benefits in single-chip silicon Doppler radars for noncontact cardiopulmonary monitoring , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[17]  Changzhi Li,et al.  A Spectrum-Efficient FSK Radar Solution for Stationary Human Subject Localization Based on Vital Sign Signals , 2019, 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS).

[18]  Zhihua Wang,et al.  A 77 GHz Frequency Doubling Two-Path Phased-Array FMCW Transceiver for Automotive Radar , 2016, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[19]  Xiaohua Zhu,et al.  Sleep stages classification by CW Doppler radar using bagged trees algorithm , 2017, 2017 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf).

[20]  Gabriel M. Rebeiz,et al.  A 22–24 GHz 4-Element CMOS Phased Array With On-Chip Coupling Characterization , 2008, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[21]  Young Joong Yoon,et al.  Compact Two-Layer Rotman Lens-Fed Microstrip Antenna Array at 24 GHz , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[22]  Junfeng Wang,et al.  Phase imbalance compensation in SAR/ISAR quadrature demodulation , 2009, 2009 2nd Asian-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar.

[23]  Xiaomeng Gao,et al.  Data-Based Quadrature Imbalance Compensation for a CW Doppler Radar System , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[24]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Effects of I/Q mismatch on measurement of periodic movement using a Doppler radar sensor , 2010, 2010 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS).

[25]  Changzhi Li,et al.  A Portable $K$ -Band 3-D MIMO Radar With Nonuniformly Spaced Array for Short-Range Localization , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[26]  G. Fettweis,et al.  Blind I/Q imbalance parameter estimation and compensation in low-IF receivers , 2004, First International Symposium on Control, Communications and Signal Processing, 2004..

[27]  Hao Ling,et al.  Human activity classification based on micro-Doppler signatures using an artificial neural network , 2008, 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[28]  F. Ellinger,et al.  Design of a 24 GHz FMCW radar system based on sub‐harmonic generation , 2018, IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation.

[29]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  Design and Analysis of a 60-GHz CMOS Doppler Micro-Radar System-in-Package for Vital-Sign and Vibration Detection , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[30]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Random Body Movement Cancellation in Doppler Radar Vital Sign Detection , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[31]  A. Singh,et al.  Respiratory Monitoring and Clutter Rejection Using a CW Doppler Radar With Passive RF Tags , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[32]  James C. Lin,et al.  Microwave sensing of physiological movement and volume change: a review. , 1992, Bioelectromagnetics.

[33]  Changzhan Gu,et al.  A Two-Tone Radar Sensor for Concurrent Detection of Absolute Distance and Relative Movement for Gesture Sensing , 2017, IEEE Sensors Letters.

[34]  Changzhi Li,et al.  A Digital I/Q Correction Technique for a 125-GHz Interferometric Radar with Sub-Micrometer Sensitivity , 2019, 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS).

[35]  Changzhi Li,et al.  A DC-coupled biomedical radar sensor with analog DC offset calibration circuit , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC).

[36]  Zhao Li,et al.  A Novel Method for Speech Acquisition and Enhancement by 94 GHz Millimeter-Wave Sensor , 2016, Sensors.

[37]  Xiaohua Zhu,et al.  Time-Varying Vocal Folds Vibration Detection Using a 24 GHz Portable Auditory Radar , 2016, Sensors.

[38]  Yimin Zhang,et al.  Radar Signal Processing for Elderly Fall Detection: The future for in-home monitoring , 2016, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[39]  H. Kondoh,et al.  24GHz Intruder Detection Radar with Beam-switched Area Coverage , 2007, 2007 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[40]  Xiaohua Zhu,et al.  Microwave Sensing and Sleep: Noncontact Sleep-Monitoring Technology With Microwave Biomedical Radar , 2019, IEEE Microwave Magazine.

[41]  Sheng-Fuh Chang,et al.  Microwave Human Vocal Vibration Signal Detection Based on Doppler Radar Technology , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[42]  Olga Boric-Lubecke,et al.  DC coupled Doppler radar physiological monitor , 2011, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[43]  Yiran Li,et al.  Potential Active Shooter Detection Based on Radar Micro-Doppler and Range-Doppler Analysis Using Artificial Neural Network , 2019, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[44]  Xiaohua Zhu,et al.  Fall detection with multi-domain features by a portable FMCW radar , 2019, 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS).

[45]  Changzhi Li,et al.  A $K$ -Band Portable FMCW Radar With Beamforming Array for Short-Range Localization and Vital-Doppler Targets Discrimination , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[46]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Portable Microwave Radar Systems for Short-Range Localization and Life Tracking: A Review , 2019, Sensors.

[47]  Changzhi Li,et al.  An efficient and extended range tracking method using a hybrid FSK-FMCW system , 2018, 2018 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS).

[48]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Accuracy improvement in range measurements of short-range FSK radars , 2018, 2018 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS).