The superior colliculus and eye movement control

Saccade metrics are largely determined by command signals generated in the superior colliculus. Recent work has improved our knowledge of the highly complex axonal trees that disseminate these signals. It has also demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus evokes slow (drifts) as well as fast (saccades) eye movements and has provided detailed quantitative descriptions of their metrical properties. New biologically influenced models of the superior colliculus provide a detailed and realistic account of the discharge of tectal pre-saccadic neurons, the properties of evoked saccades and the ability of subjects to execute correct saccades in a variety of circumstances.

[1]  A K Moschovakis,et al.  Structure of the primate oculomotor burst generator. I. Medium-lead burst neurons with upward on-directions. , 1991, Journal of neurophysiology.

[2]  R. Wurtz,et al.  Saccade-related activity in monkey superior colliculus. I. Characteristics of burst and buildup cells. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[3]  L M Optican,et al.  Superior colliculus neurons mediate the dynamic characteristics of saccades. , 1991, Journal of neurophysiology.

[4]  A Berthoz,et al.  A neural network model of sensoritopic maps with predictive short-term memory properties. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[5]  M. Goldberg,et al.  Neurons in the monkey superior colliculus predict the visual result of impending saccadic eye movements. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[6]  V. Henn,et al.  Vertical eye movement related unit activity in the rostral mesencephalic reticular formation of the alert monkey , 1977, Brain Research.

[7]  D. Robinson.  Eye movements evoked by collicular stimulation in the alert monkey. , 1972, Vision research.

[8]  R H Wurtz,et al.  Organization of monkey superior colliculus: intermediate layer cells discharging before eye movements. , 1976, Journal of neurophysiology.

[9]  D. Sparks,et al.  Size and distribution of movement fields in the monkey superior colliculus , 1976, Brain Research.

[10]  V L Silakov,et al.  Central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF) neurons discharging before and during eye movements. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[11]  C. Scudder,et al.  The microscopic anatomy and physiology of the mammalian saccadic system , 1996, Progress in Neurobiology.

[12]  D. Pélisson,et al.  Control of orienting gaze shifts by the tectoreticulospinal system in the head-free cat. III. Spatiotemporal characteristics of phasic motor discharges. , 1991, Journal of neurophysiology.

[13]  A K Moschovakis,et al.  Nigral inhibitory termination on efferent neurons of the superior colliculus: An intracellular horseradish peroxidase study in the cat , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[14]  P. Schiller,et al.  Discharge characteristics of single units in superior colliculus of the alert rhesus monkey. , 1971, Journal of neurophysiology.

[15]  M. Sanders.  Control of Gaze by Brain Stem Neurons , 1978 .

[16]  A K Moschovakis,et al.  Structure-function relationships in the primate superior colliculus. I. Morphological classification of efferent neurons. , 1988, Journal of neurophysiology.

[17]  A. Fuchs,et al.  Activity of brain stem neurons during eye movements of alert monkeys. , 1972, Journal of neurophysiology.

[18]  R. Wurtz,et al.  Saccade-related activity in monkey superior colliculus. II. Spread of activity during saccades. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[19]  G. S. Russo,et al.  Effect of eye position within the orbit on electrically elicited saccadic eye movements: a comparison of the macaque monkey's frontal and supplementary eye fields. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[20]  Paul Dassonville,et al.  The use of egocentric and exocentric location cues in saccadic programming , 1995, Vision Research.

[21]  D. Sparks,et al.  Dissociation of visual and saccade-related responses in superior colliculus neurons. , 1980, Journal of neurophysiology.

[22]  A K Moschovakis,et al.  Structure-function relationships in the primate superior colliculus. II. Morphological identity of presaccadic neurons. , 1988, Journal of neurophysiology.

[23]  D L Robinson,et al.  Modified saccades evoked by stimulation of the macaque superior colliculus account for properties of the resettable integrator. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[24]  S. Highstein,et al.  The anatomy and physiology of primate neurons that control rapid eye movements. , 1994, Annual review of neuroscience.

[25]  J. Mcilwain.  Topography of eye-position sensitivity of saccades evoked electrically from the cat's superior colliculus , 1990, Visual Neuroscience.

[26]  K Hepp,et al.  Monkey superior colliculus represents rapid eye movements in a two-dimensional motor map. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[27]  E. Keller,et al.  Use of interrupted saccade paradigm to study spatial and temporal dynamics of saccadic burst cells in superior colliculus in monkey. , 1994, Journal of neurophysiology.

[28]  A. K. Moschovakis,et al.  Neural network simulations of the primate oculomotor system. II. Frames of reference , 1996, Brain Research Bulletin.

[29]  A. Moschovakis,et al.  Observations on the somatodendritic morphology and axonal trajectory of intracellularly HRP‐Labeled efferent neurons located in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus of the cat , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[30]  R. Wurtz,et al.  Fixation cells in monkey superior colliculus. I. Characteristics of cell discharge. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[31]  A. Opstal,et al.  Influence of eye position on activity in monkey superior colliculus. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[32]  D. Sparks.  Functional properties of neurons in the monkey superior colliculus: Coupling of neuronal activity and saccade onset , 1978, Brain Research.

[33]  J. Schlag,et al.  Illusory localization of stimuli flashed in the dark before saccades , 1995, Vision Research.

[34]  S. M. Highstein,et al.  Anatomy and physiology of saccadic burst neurons in the alert squirrel monkey. II. Inhibitory burst neurons , 2022 .

[35]  J. Mcilwain.  Effects of eye position on saccades evoked electrically from superior colliculus of alert cats. , 1986, Journal of neurophysiology.

[36]  M Straschill,et al.  Eye movements evoked by focal stimulation of the cat's superior colliculus. , 1973, Brain research.

[37]  J M Groh,et al.  Saccades to somatosensory targets. II. motor convergence in primate superior colliculus. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[38]  David L. Sparks,et al.  Movement fields of saccade-related burst neurons in the monkey superior colliculus , 1980, Brain Research.

[39]  M. J. Nichols,et al.  Nonstationary properties of the saccadic system: new constraints on models of saccadic control. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[40]  A. Fuchs,et al.  Characteristics and functional identification of saccadic inhibitory burst neurons in the alert monkey. , 1988, Journal of neurophysiology.

[41]  A K Moschovakis,et al.  Anatomy and physiology of saccadic long-lead burst neurons recorded in the alert squirrel monkey. II. Pontine neurons. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[42]  A. K. Moschovakis,et al.  Neuronal mechanisms of two-dimensional orienting movements in the cat. I. A quantitative study of saccades and slow drifts produced in response to the electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus , 1996, Brain Research Bulletin.

[43]  A K Moschovakis,et al.  A structural basis for Hering's law: projections to extraocular motoneurons. , 1990, Science.

[44]  A K Moschovakis,et al.  Anatomy and physiology of saccadic long-lead burst neurons recorded in the alert squirrel monkey. I. Descending projections from the mesencephalon. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[45]  D. Sparks,et al.  Spatial localization of saccade targets. I. Compensation for stimulation-induced perturbations in eye position. , 1983, Journal of neurophysiology.