Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ removal from aqueous solution using microwaved olive stone activated carbon

BACKGROUND The efficiencies of removal of Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ from aqueous solution with olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) were investigated in this work. A central composite design (CCD) method was used to optimize the preparation of OSAC using microwave assisted potassium hydroxide. RESULTS The optimum conditions obtained were 565 W radiation power, 7 min radiation time, and 1.87 impregnation ratio. This resulted in 98.55% removal of Cu2+, 95.32% of Cd2+, 98.19% of Ni2+ 98.83% of Pb2+, 99.32% of Fe2+, 98.36% of Zn2+, and 85.15% of OSAC yield. The surface characteristics of the AC prepared under optimized conditions were examined by pore structure analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The BET surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter of the prepared AC were 1280.71 m2 g−1, 0.604 cm3 g−1 and 4.63 nm, respectively. The equilibrium data of the adsorption was well fitted to the Langmuir equation and the highest value of adsorption capacity (Q) on the OSAC was found for Fe2+ (62.50 mg g−1), followed by Pb2+ (23.47 mg g−1), Cu2+ (22.73 mg g−1), Zn2+ (15.08 mg g−1), Ni2+ (12.00 mg g−1), and Zn2+ (11.72 mg g−1). CONCLUSIONS OSAC prepared by microwaves can be used for the removal of metals from contaminated wastewater. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

[1]  Rani Gupta,et al.  Statistical media optimization and alkaline protease production from Bacillus mojavensis in a bioreactor , 2003 .

[2]  Jianping Zhai,et al.  Kinetic studies of adsorption of Pb(II), Cr(III) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution by sawdust and modified peanut husk. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[3]  Genlin Zhang,et al.  Preparation and characterization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from cotton stalk using microwave heating , 2011 .

[4]  J. Girona,et al.  Composition and organoleptic characteristics of oil from Arbequina olive (Olea europaea L) trees under deficit irrigation , 2002 .

[5]  Duan Xinhui,et al.  Comparison of activated carbon prepared from Jatropha hull by conventional heating and microwave heating , 2011 .

[6]  Paola Verlicchi,et al.  Hospital effluents as a source of emerging pollutants: An overview of micropollutants and sustainable treatment options , 2010 .

[7]  Guoxue Li,et al.  Preparation of activated carbons from cotton stalk by microwave assisted KOH and K2CO3 activation , 2010 .

[8]  K. Y. Foo,et al.  Coconut husk derived activated carbon via microwave induced activation: Effects of activation agents, preparation parameters and adsorption performance , 2012 .

[9]  María del Rosario Martínez Martínez,et al.  Sorption of Pb(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution by olive stone waste , 2006 .

[10]  K. Y. Foo,et al.  Preparation, characterization and evaluation of adsorptive properties of orange peel based activated carbon via microwave induced K2CO3 activation. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[11]  Indrawati,et al.  Removal of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Co(II) from aqueous solution using Garcinia mangostana L. fruit shell. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[12]  B. Hameed,et al.  Optimized waste tea activated carbon for adsorption of Methylene Blue and Acid Blue 29 dyes using response surface methodology , 2011 .

[13]  Abdelkrim Bouzaza,et al.  Adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using activated carbon developed from Apricot stone , 2011 .

[14]  I. Tan,et al.  Optimization of basic dye removal by oil palm fibre-based activated carbon using response surface methodology. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[15]  P. Brown,et al.  Evaluation of the adsorptive capacity of peanut hull pellets for heavy metals in solution , 2000 .

[16]  K. Baskaran,et al.  Biosorption of zinc from aqueous solutions using biosolids , 2004 .

[17]  M. Soylak,et al.  Solid phase extraction of heavy metal ions in environmental samples on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[18]  A M Joglekar,et al.  Product excellence through design of experiments , 1987 .

[19]  Thomas W. Weber,et al.  Pore and solid diffusion models for fixed-bed adsorbers , 1974 .

[20]  D. Božić,et al.  Adsorption of heavy metal ions by sawdust of deciduous trees. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[21]  K. Y. Foo,et al.  Factors affecting the carbon yield and adsorption capability of the mangosteen peel activated carbon prepared by microwave assisted K2CO3 activation , 2012 .

[22]  K. Y. Foo,et al.  Preparation of oil palm (Elaeis) empty fruit bunch activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation for the adsorption of methylene blue , 2011 .

[23]  K. Y. Foo,et al.  Preparation of activated carbon from date stones by microwave induced chemical activation: Application for methylene blue adsorption , 2011, Chemical Engineering Journal.

[24]  Rajender Kumar,et al.  Response surface methodology approach for optimization of biosorption process for removal of Cr (VI), Ni (II) and Zn (II) ions by immobilized bacterial biomass sp. Bacillus brevis , 2009 .

[25]  Hui Deng,et al.  Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from cotton stalk by microwave assisted chemical activation--application in methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[26]  Tamer M. Alslaibi,et al.  A review: production of activated carbon from agricultural byproducts via conventional and microwave heating , 2013 .

[27]  Y. Perrodin,et al.  Human health risk assessment of lead in drinking water: a case study from Port-au-Prince, Haiti , 2007 .

[28]  Fenglian Fu,et al.  Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. , 2011, Journal of environmental management.

[29]  R. Navia,et al.  Heavy metals retention capacity of a non-conventional sorbent developed from a mixture of industrial and agricultural wastes. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[30]  V. C. Venkatesh,et al.  Application of response surface methodology in describing the performance of coated carbide tools when turning AISI 1045 steel , 2004 .

[31]  K. Sakurai,et al.  Simultaneous adsorption of cadmium, zinc, and lead on hydroxyaluminum- and hydroxyaluminosilicate-montmorillonite complexes , 2002 .

[32]  J. Sáez,et al.  Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto orange waste. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[33]  S. R. Shukla,et al.  Adsorption of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) on modified jute fibres. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[34]  M. Yusoff,et al.  Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of ammoniacal nitrogen removal from semi-aerobic landfill leachate using ion exchange resin , 2010 .

[35]  Mehmet Uğurlu,et al.  Adsorption of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from olive stone by ZnCl2 activation. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[36]  M. Yusoff,et al.  Physico-chemical removal of iron from semi-aerobic landfill leachate by limestone filter. , 2004, Waste management.

[37]  Liang Guo,et al.  Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bamboo by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation , 2010 .

[38]  R. Alrozi,et al.  Optimization of preparation conditions for mangosteen peel-based activated carbons for the removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R using response surface methodology , 2010 .

[39]  K. Y. Foo,et al.  Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from pistachio nut shells via microwave-induced chemical activation , 2011 .

[40]  C. Jung,et al.  Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by apple residues , 1998 .

[41]  B. Hameed,et al.  Effect of preparation conditions of activated carbon from bamboo waste for real textile wastewater. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[42]  Genlin Zhang,et al.  Optimization of preparation of activated carbon from cotton stalk by microwave assisted phosphoric acid-chemical activation. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[43]  A. Gokarn,et al.  Adsorption of Chromium(III), Nickel(II), and Copper(II) from Aqueous Solution by Activated Alumina , 2011 .

[44]  Paul Vossen,et al.  Olive Oil: History, Production, and Characteristics of the World's Classic Oils , 2007 .