Initial results from a field campaign of wake steering applied at a commercial wind farm – Part 1

Abstract. Wake steering is a form of wind farm control in which turbines use yaw offsets to affect wakes in order to yield an increase in total energy production. In this first phase of a study of wake steering at a commercial wind farm, two turbines implement a schedule of offsets. Results exploring the observed performance of wake steering are presented and some first lessons learned. For two closely spaced turbines, an approximate 14 % increase in energy was measured on the downstream turbine over a 10∘ sector, with a 4 % increase in energy production of the combined upstream–downstream turbine pair. Finally, the influence of atmospheric stability over the results is explored.

[1]  Johan Meyers,et al.  Wake structure in actuator disk models of wind turbines in yaw under uniform inflow conditions , 2016 .

[2]  Jennifer Annoni,et al.  Field test of wake steering at an offshore wind farm , 2017 .

[3]  N. Jensen.  A note on wind generator interaction , 1983 .

[4]  Michael Hölling,et al.  Comparative study on the wake deflection behind yawed wind turbine models , 2017 .

[5]  J. Lundquist,et al.  How wind speed shear and directional veer affect the power production of a megawatt-scale operational wind turbine , 2020 .

[6]  P. Fleming,et al.  The aerodynamics of the curled wake: a simplified model in view of flow control , 2018, Wind Energy Science.

[7]  Jennifer Annoni,et al.  Optimization Under Uncertainty for Wake Steering Strategies , 2017 .

[8]  E. Migoya,et al.  Application of a LES technique to characterize the wake deflection of a wind turbine in yaw , 2009 .

[9]  Kincho H. Law,et al.  A data-driven approach for cooperative wind farm control , 2016, 2016 American Control Conference (ACC).

[10]  Jan-Willem van Wingerden,et al.  Feedforward-Feedback wake redirection for wind farm control , 2019 .

[11]  Lars Sætran,et al.  Wind tunnel study on power output and yaw moments for two yaw-controlled model wind turbines , 2018, Wind Energy Science.

[12]  Paul Fleming,et al.  A simulation study demonstrating the importance of large-scale trailing vortices in wake steering , 2018 .

[13]  Paul Fleming,et al.  Field test of wake steering at an offshore wind farm , 2017 .

[14]  Jan-Åke Dahlberg,et al.  Potential improvement of wind turbine array efficiency by active wake control (AWC) , 2003 .

[15]  L. Machielse,et al.  Controlling Wind in ECN`s Scaled Wind Farm , 2012 .

[16]  Henrik Alfredsson,et al.  Measurements on a wind turbine wake: 3D effects and bluff body vortex shedding , 2006 .

[17]  Luis A. Martínez-Tossas,et al.  Control-oriented model for secondary effects of wake steering , 2021 .

[18]  Martin Kühn,et al.  Robust active wake control in consideration of wind direction variability and uncertainty , 2018, Wind Energy Science.

[19]  Jason R. Marden,et al.  Wind plant power optimization through yaw control using a parametric model for wake effects—a CFD simulation study , 2016 .

[20]  P. Fleming,et al.  Investigation into the shape of a wake of a yawed full-scale turbine , 2018, Journal of Physics: Conference Series.

[21]  Jennifer Annoni,et al.  Analysis of axial‐induction‐based wind plant control using an engineering and a high‐order wind plant model , 2016 .

[22]  Ewald Krämer,et al.  CFD study on the impact of yawed inflow on loads, power and near wake of a generic wind turbine , 2017 .

[23]  Ruben Delgado,et al.  Assessing state-of-the-art capabilities for probing the atmospheric boundary layer: The XPIA field campaign , 2016 .

[24]  Jennifer Annoni,et al.  Full-Scale Field Test of Wake Steering , 2017 .

[25]  R. Stull.  An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology , 1988 .

[26]  Jan-Willem van Wingerden,et al.  Validation of a lookup-table approach to modeling turbine fatigue loads in wind farms under active wake control , 2019 .

[27]  Jonathan White,et al.  Estimation of Rotor Loads Due to Wake Steering , 2018 .

[28]  Sanjiva K. Lele,et al.  Wind farm power optimization through wake steering , 2019, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[29]  Stefano Leonardi,et al.  Large eddy simulations of the flow past wind turbines: actuator line and disk modeling , 2015 .

[30]  Jennifer Annoni,et al.  Analysis of control-oriented wake modeling tools using lidar field results , 2018, Wind Energy Science.

[31]  Rozenn Wagner,et al.  Rotor equivalent wind speed for power curve measurement – comparative exercise for IEA Wind Annex 32 , 2014 .

[32]  F. Porté-Agel,et al.  A new analytical model for wind-turbine wakes , 2013 .

[33]  Jennifer Annoni,et al.  Assessment of wind turbine component loads under yaw-offset conditions , 2017 .

[35]  F. Blondel,et al.  An alternative form of the super-Gaussian wind turbine wake model , 2020, Wind Energy Science.

[36]  Thomas Bak,et al.  Survey of wind farm control - power and fatigue optimization , 2015 .

[37]  F. Porté-Agel,et al.  Experimental and theoretical study of wind turbine wakes in yawed conditions , 2016, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[38]  Jan-Willem van Wingerden,et al.  Ensemble Kalman filtering for wind field estimation in wind farms , 2017, 2017 American Control Conference (ACC).

[39]  T. Ishihara,et al.  A new Gaussian-based analytical wake model for wind turbines considering ambient turbulence intensities and thrust coefficient effects , 2018, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics.

[40]  Fernando Porté-Agel,et al.  A new analytical model for wind farm power prediction , 2015 .

[41]  J. Lundquist,et al.  Atmospheric stability affects wind turbine power collection , 2011 .

[42]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Wind direction estimation using SCADA data with consensus-based optimization , 2019 .

[43]  Fernando Porté-Agel,et al.  Wind farm power optimization via yaw angle control: A wind tunnel study , 2019, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy.

[44]  P. Fleming,et al.  Design and analysis of a wake steering controller with wind direction variability , 2019, Wind Energy Science.

[45]  T. Herges,et al.  High resolution wind turbine wake measurements with a scanning lidar , 2017 .

[46]  Ervin Bossanyi.  Combining induction control and wake steering for wind farm energy and fatigue loads optimisation , 2018 .

[47]  Martin Kühn,et al.  Estimating the wake deflection downstream of a wind turbine in different atmospheric stabilities: an LES study , 2016 .

[48]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Simulation comparison of wake mitigation control strategies for a two‐turbine case , 2015 .

[49]  Morten Hartvig Hansen,et al.  Load alleviation of wind turbines by yaw misalignment , 2014 .