On the criteria for mass flow in hoppers

Abstract The criteria which define the transition state from mass flow to funnel or plug flow in hoppers are considered. These criteria are expressed as functions of the hopper angle, granular material friction angle, and dry friction angle at the walls. The existing criteria based on exact and approximate radial stress fields are reassessed, and a new criterion for cohesionless materials is derived based on the flow pattern at the hopper outlet. Next, the dependence of the angle of internal friction on the state of stress is analyzed, and the results are implemented in the criteria for mass flow.

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