Occurrence and profiles of organic sun-blocking agents in surface waters and sediments in Japanese rivers and lakes.

Sun-blocking agents including eight UV filters (UVF) and 10 UV light stabilizers (UVLS) were measured in water and sediment collected from 22 rivers, four sewage treatment plant effluents (STPE) and three lakes in Japan. Total sun blocking agents levels ranged from N.D. to 4928 ng/L and from 2.0 to 3422 μg/kg dry wt in surface water and in sediment, respectively. Benzyl salicylate, benzophenone-3, 2-ethyl hexyl-4-methoxycinnamte (EHMC) and octyl salicylate were dominant in surface water receiving wastewater effluents and STPE, although UV-328, benzophenone and EHMC were dominant in other surface water except background sites. Three UVF and nine UVLS were observed from all sediment and their compositions showed similar patterns with UV-328 and UV-234 as the most prevalent compounds. Homosalate, octocrylene, UV-326, UV-327, UV-328 and UV-234 were significantly correlated with Galaxolide® in sediments. Concentrations of UV-327 and UV-328 also had strong correlation between those of UV-326 in sediment.

[1]  W. Meylan,et al.  Atom/fragment contribution method for estimating octanol-water partition coefficients. , 1995, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[2]  P. Kunz,et al.  A tentative environmental risk assessment of the UV-filters 3-(4-methylbenzylidene-camphor), 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3, benzophenone-4 and 3-benzylidene camphor. , 2010, Marine environmental research.

[3]  J. Quinn,et al.  Geochemistry of organic contaminants in Narragansett Bay sediments , 1985 .

[4]  P. Kunz,et al.  Estrogenic activity of UV filter mixtures. , 2006, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[5]  R. Hites,et al.  Organic compounds in an industrial wastewater. Their transport into sediments , 1980 .

[6]  F. Borrull,et al.  Determination of personal care products in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. , 2009, Journal of chromatography. A.

[7]  R. Hites,et al.  Identification of organic compounds in an industrial waste water , 1979 .

[8]  K. Fent,et al.  Widespread occurrence of estrogenic UV-filters in aquatic ecosystems in Switzerland. , 2010, Environmental pollution.

[9]  R. Danovaro,et al.  Sunscreens Cause Coral Bleaching by Promoting Viral Infections , 2008, Environmental health perspectives.

[10]  D. Grandjean,et al.  Fate and removal of polycyclic musks, UV filters and biocides during wastewater treatment. , 2006, Water research.

[11]  Evaluation of Developmental Toxicity of Ultraviolet Absorber 2-(3′,5′-Di-tert-Butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-Chlorobenzotriazole in Rats , 2006, Drug and chemical toxicology.

[12]  M. Ema,et al.  Repeated-Dose and Reproductive Toxicity of the Ultraviolet Absorber 2-(3′,5′-Di- tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole in Rats , 2008 .

[13]  J. Straub.  Concentrations of the UV filter ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate in the aquatic compartment: a comparison of modelled concentrations for Swiss surface waters with empirical monitoring data. , 2002, Toxicology letters.

[14]  R. Cela,et al.  Pressurized solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of benzotriazole light stabilizers in indoor dust. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[15]  J. Scaiano,et al.  TiO_2-promoted mineralization of organic sunscreens in water suspension and sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles , 2003, Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology.

[16]  Tan Zhu,et al.  Occurrence and behavior of four of the most used sunscreen UV filters in a wastewater reclamation plant. , 2007, Water research.

[17]  Yutaka Kikuchi,et al.  Estrogenic Activities of UV Stabilizers Used in Food Contact Plastics and Benzophenone Derivatives Tested by the Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay , 2003 .

[18]  J. King,et al.  Polychlorinated biphenyls in Narragansett Bay surface sediments. , 2004, Chemosphere.

[19]  Gregory A Loraine,et al.  Seasonal variations in concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water and reclaimed wastewater in southern California. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[20]  J. Ryu,et al.  Simultaneous determination of benzophenone-type UV filters in water and soil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2006, Journal of chromatography. A.

[21]  J. Sangster,et al.  Octanol‐Water Partition Coefficients of Simple Organic Compounds , 1989 .

[22]  E. Heath,et al.  Determination of UV filters and antimicrobial agents in environmental water samples , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[23]  T. Koda,et al.  Estrogenic activity of 37 components of commercial sunscreen lotions evaluated by in vitro assays. , 2005, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[24]  U. Hagedorn-Leweke,et al.  Absorption of Sunscreens and Other Compounds Through Human Skin inVivo: Derivation of a Method to Predict Maximum Fluxes , 1995, Pharmaceutical Research.

[25]  Rolf Altenburger,et al.  Photostability and phytotoxicity of selected sunscreen agents and their degradation mixtures in water , 2009, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[26]  T. Ternes,et al.  UV-Filtersubstanzen in Wasser und Fischen , 1997 .

[27]  A. Ledin,et al.  Substance Flow Analysis and Source Mapping of Chemical UV-filters , 2008 .

[28]  H. Nakata,et al.  Occurrence and concentrations of benzotriazole UV stabilizers in marine organisms and sediments from the Ariake Sea, Japan. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[29]  Bart van der Burg,et al.  Interaction of polycyclic musks and UV filters with the estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (PR) in reporter gene bioassays. , 2004, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[30]  T. Poiger,et al.  Occurrence of UV filter compounds from sunscreens in surface waters: regional mass balance in two Swiss lakes. , 2004, Chemosphere.

[31]  T. Poiger,et al.  Occurrence of some organic UV filters in wastewater, in surface waters, and in fish from Swiss Lakes. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[32]  D. Grandjean,et al.  Concentrations and specific loads of UV filters in sewage sludge originating from a monitoring network in Switzerland. , 2006, Chemosphere.

[33]  Peter Schmid,et al.  Occurrence of UV filters 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and octocrylene in fish from various Swiss rivers with inputs from wastewater treatment plants. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[34]  Watze de Wolf,et al.  Removal of fragrance materials during U.S. and European wastewater treatment. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.

[35]  T. Imai,et al.  Gender-Related Difference in the Toxicity of Ultraviolet Absorber 2-(3′,5′-Di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole in Rats , 2008 .

[36]  C. Reddy,et al.  Free and bound benzotriazoles in marine and freshwater sediments , 2000 .

[37]  B. Wheals,et al.  Estrogenic activity of phenolic additives determined by an in vitro yeast bioassay. , 2001, Environmental health perspectives.

[38]  H. Nakata,et al.  Detection of benzotriazole UV stabilizers in the blubber of marine mammals by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). , 2010, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.