GnuTutor: An Open Source Intelligent Tutoring System Based on AutoTutor

This paper presents GnuTutor, an open source intelligent tutoring system (ITS) inspired by the AutoTutor ITS. The goal of GnuTutor is to create a freely available, open source ITS platform that can be used by schools and researchers alike. To achieve this goal, significant departures from AutoTutor's current design were made so that GnuTutor would use a smaller, non-proprietary code base but have the major functionality of AutoTutor, including mixed-initiative dialogue, an animated agent, speech act classification, and natural language understanding using latent semantic analysis. This paper describes the GnuTutor system, its components, and the major differences between GnuTutor and AutoTutor.

[1]  Koray Balci.  Xface: Open Source Toolkit for Creating 3D Faces of an Embodied Conversational Agent , 2005, Smart Graphics.

[2]  Beverly Park Woolf,et al.  Student Modeling , 2010, Advances in Intelligent Tutoring Systems.

[3]  Peter W. Foltz,et al.  Supporting Content-Based Feedback in On-Line Writing Evaluation with LSA , 2000, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[4]  Csr Young,et al.  How to Do Things With Words , 2009 .

[5]  B. Bloom.  The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-to-One Tutoring , 1984 .

[6]  Susan T. Dumais,et al.  The latent semantic analysis theory of knowledge , 1997 .

[7]  Michael F. McTear,et al.  Modelling spoken dialogues with state transition diagrams: experiences with the CSLU toolkit , 1998, ICSLP.

[8]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  The Right Stuff: Do You Need to Sanitize Your Corpus When Using Latent Semantic Analysis? , 2002 .

[9]  J. Searle.  Expression and Meaning: A taxonomy of illocutionary acts , 1975 .

[10]  Yoav Shoham.  Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Prolog , 1993 .

[11]  Chao Yang,et al.  ARPACK users' guide - solution of large-scale eigenvalue problems with implicitly restarted Arnoldi methods , 1998, Software, environments, tools.

[12]  Eric Brill,et al.  A Simple Rule-Based Part of Speech Tagger , 1992, HLT.

[13]  Maurizio Mancini,et al.  A Virtual Head Driven by Music Expressivity , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.

[14]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Operation ARIES!: A Computerized Game for Teaching Scientific Inquiry , 2009, AIED.

[15]  Michael W. Berry,et al.  GTP (General Text Parser) Software for Text Mining , 2003 .

[16]  Keiichi Tokuda,et al.  Galatea: Open-Source Software for Developing Anthropomorphic Spoken Dialog Agents , 2004, Life-like characters.

[17]  Claus Zinn,et al.  A 3-Tier Planning Architecture for Managing Tutorial Dialogue , 2002, Intelligent Tutoring Systems.

[18]  Michael F. McTear,et al.  Book Review: Spoken Dialogue Technology: Toward the Conversational User Interface, by Michael F. McTear , 2002, CL.

[19]  Keith S. Donnellan,et al.  Language, Mind, and Knowledge , 1977 .

[20]  J. D. Fletcher,et al.  Opportunities for New “Smart” Learning Environments Enabled by Next-Generation Web Capabilities , 2004 .

[21]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  AutoTutor: an intelligent tutoring system with mixed-initiative dialogue , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Education.

[22]  Leon Sterling,et al.  The Art of Prolog - Advanced Programming Techniques , 1986 .

[23]  Staffan Larsson,et al.  Information state and dialogue management in the TRINDI dialogue move engine toolkit , 2000, Natural Language Engineering.

[24]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  AutoTutor: A Cognitive System That Simulates a Tutor Through Mixed-Initiative Dialogue , 2006 .

[25]  Alan W. Black,et al.  Flite: a small fast run-time synthesis engine , 2001, SSW.

[26]  A. Graesser,et al.  QUEST: A model of question answering☆ , 1992 .

[27]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Using Latent Semantic Analysis to Evaluate the Contributions of Students in AutoTutor , 2000, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[28]  Steve DiPaola,et al.  Socially Communicative Characters for Interactive Applications , 2006 .

[29]  Richard Fikes,et al.  STRIPS: A New Approach to the Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving , 1971, IJCAI.

[30]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Utterance Classification in AutoTutor , 2003, HLT-NAACL 2003.

[31]  R. Larsen.  Lanczos Bidiagonalization With Partial Reorthogonalization , 1998 .

[32]  Philip R. Cohen.  The Pragmatics of Referring and the Modality of Communication , 1984, Comput. Linguistics.

[33]  T. Landauer,et al.  Indexing by Latent Semantic Analysis , 1990 .

[34]  Jean-Paul Doignon,et al.  The assessment of knowledge, in theory and in practice , 2003, IEMC '03 Proceedings. Managing Technologically Driven Organizations: The Human Side of Innovation and Change (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37502).

[35]  Anna Hunecke,et al.  MARY TTS participation in the Blizzard Challenge 2007 , 2007 .

[36]  Susan T. Dumais,et al.  Improving the retrieval of information from external sources , 1991 .

[37]  Carolyn Penstein Rosé,et al.  The Architecture of Why2-Atlas: A Coach for Qualitative Physics Essay Writing , 2002, Intelligent Tutoring Systems.

[38]  C. Raymond Perrault,et al.  Elements of a Plan-Based Theory of Speech Acts , 1979, Cogn. Sci..

[39]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  When Are Tutorial Dialogues More Effective Than Reading? , 2007, Cogn. Sci..

[40]  Giulio Sandini,et al.  Cognitive Systems , 2005 .

[41]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Intelligent Tutoring Systems with Conversational Dialogue , 2001, AI Mag..

[42]  Staffan Larsson,et al.  GoDiS- An Accommodating Dialogue System , 2000 .

[43]  Ivan Bratko,et al.  Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence , 1986 .

[44]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Teaching Tactics and Dialog in AutoTutor , 2001 .

[45]  Simon King,et al.  The Blizzard Challenge 2008 , 2008 .

[46]  J. D. Fletcher,et al.  The Case for Advanced Distributed Learning , 2004 .

[47]  Hamparsum Bozdogan,et al.  Statistical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery , 2004 .

[48]  James F. Allen,et al.  A Plan Recognition Model for Subdialogues in Conversations , 1987, Cogn. Sci..