Le lobe de l’insula et les épilepsies partielles

Resume Introduction La notion d’epilepsie insulaire est longtemps demeuree speculative. En raison de contraintes anatomiques, l’insula etant profondement enfouie sous les opercules et recouverte par le reseau arterio-veineux sylvien, cette structure est restee inaccessible aux explorations electrophysiologiques par electrodes intracrâniennes et, contrairement a ce qu’il est advenu pour les lobes temporal, frontal, parietal et occipital, le role du lobe de l’insula dans les epilepsies partielles est demeure peu connu jusqu’a ce jour. Etat des connaissances La notion d’epilepsie insulaire, restee dans un certain anonymat apres les travaux de Penfield, a beneficie d’un regain d’interet au cours des dix dernieres annees apres que plusieurs cas cliniques privilegies ont ete rapportes dans la litterature, et que le developpement de la neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle a permis de mieux apprehender le role physiologique de l’insula humaine. Cependant, aucune etude systematique de l’epilepsie insulaire n’a ete conduite et la semiologie clinique des crises insulaires demeure inconnue Perspectives Les progres des techniques d’exploration intracrâniennes nous ont permis de realiser l’enregistrement electro-encephalographique du cortex insulaire chez un groupe de 50 patients epileptiques candidats a un traitement chirurgical. Ces explorations nous ont permis de dresser une cartographie fonctionnelle de l’insula humaine, d’analyser le comportement du cortex insulaire dans les epilepsies du lobe temporal et d’identifier les premiers cas decrits dans la litterature de crises epileptiques insulaires. Il s’agit de crises partielles simples dominees par des manifestations somato-sensitives etendues, des manifestations viscero-sensitives et motrices centrees sur la region cervico-laryngee, une dysarthrie progressive et se concluant par des postures dystoniques de l’hemicorps oppose au foyer epileptique Conclusions Cette etude devrait permettre d’identifier les crises epileptiques insulaires et de les distinguer des crises temporales. Au-dela du souci nosographique, la presence d’une telle sequence clinique critique chez un patient souffrant d’epilepsie du lobe temporal (ELT) suggere que la zone epileptogene s’etend au cortex insulaire. Cette hypothese incite a recuser l’indication de lobectomie temporale chez ces patients et a n’envisager une cortectomie qu’apres une exploration invasive intracrânienne.

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