Disease universe: Visualisation of population-wide disease-wide associations

We apply a force-directed spring embedding graph layout approach to electronic health records in order to visualise population-wide associations between human disorders as presented in an individual biological organism. The introduced visualisation is implemented on the basis of the Google maps platform and can be found at this http URL . We argue that the suggested method of visualisation can both validate already known specifics of associations between disorders and identify novel never noticed association patterns.

[1]  K. Gabriel,et al.  The biplot graphic display of matrices with application to principal component analysis , 1971 .

[2]  Doris Odlum.  Peptic Ulcer and the Neurotic , 1952 .

[3]  Aaron D. J. Frost,et al.  Cancer incidence in patients with schizophrenia and their first‐degree relatives – a meta‐analysis , 2008, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[4]  Yifan Hu,et al.  Efficient, High-Quality Force-Directed Graph Drawing , 2006 .

[5]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Network medicine : a network-based approach to human disease , 2010 .

[6]  George Hripcsak,et al.  Next-generation phenotyping of electronic health records , 2012, J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc..

[7]  A. Rzhetsky,et al.  Probing genetic overlap among complex human phenotypes , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[8]  S Greenland,et al.  Small-sample bias and corrections for conditional maximum-likelihood odds-ratio estimators. , 2000, Biostatistics.

[9]  Gary G. Koch,et al.  Analysis of categorical data , 1985 .

[10]  Chao-Yueh Su,et al.  The incidence and relative risk factors for developing cancer among patients with schizophrenia: A nine-year follow-up study , 2011, Schizophrenia Research.

[11]  David E. Hapeman.  Statistical Analysis of Categorical Data , 2000, Technometrics.

[12]  Hugh Montgomery,et al.  PEPTIC ULCER, GASTRITIS AND PSYCHONEUROSIS: AMONG NAVAL PERSONNEL SUFFERING FROM DYSPEPSIA , 1944 .

[13]  Alan Agresti,et al.  Categorical Data Analysis , 2003 .

[14]  Robert Kohn,et al.  Cancer in parents of persons with schizophrenia: Is there a genetic protection? , 2012, Schizophrenia Research.

[15]  Albert-László Barabási,et al.  A Dynamic Network Approach for the Study of Human Phenotypes , 2009, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[16]  Richard Hodgson,et al.  Cancer and schizophrenia: is there a paradox? , 2010, Journal of psychopharmacology.

[17]  Daniel Tunkelang,et al.  A Numerical Optimization Approach to General Graph Drawing , 1999 .

[18]  W. Cushman,et al.  Diabetes and hypertension: the bad companions , 2012, The Lancet.

[19]  Michael C. Hout,et al.  Multidimensional Scaling , 2003, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology.

[20]  Chris Parker,et al.  Risk of malignancy in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: nested case-control study. , 2007, Archives of general psychiatry.

[21]  Marilyn A Winkleby,et al.  Comorbidities and mortality in persons with schizophrenia: a Swedish national cohort study. , 2013, The American journal of psychiatry.

[22]  Satoru Kawai,et al.  An Algorithm for Drawing General Undirected Graphs , 1989, Inf. Process. Lett..