Does groundwater protection in Europe require new EU-wide environmental quality standards?

The European Groundwater Directive could be improved by limiting the scopes of the Annexes I and II to the manmade and natural substances, respectively, and by defining a common monitoring protocol. The changes in the European landuse patterns, in particular the urban sprawl phenomena, obscure the distinction between the point and diffuse sources of contamination. In the future more importance will be given to the household contamination. Moreover, the agricultural environment could be used for developing new conceptual models related to the pharmaceuticals.

[1]  Fabrizio Ungaro,et al.  Influence of 150 years of land use on anthropogenic and natural carbon stocks in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy). , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[2]  Y. Zenou,et al.  Urban Sprawl in Europe , 2009 .

[3]  John A. Cherry,et al.  Groundwater contamination: pump-and-treat remediation , 1989 .

[4]  Stephen A. Leharne,et al.  An Illustrated Handbook of LNAPL Transport and Fate in the Subsurface , 2014 .

[5]  R. Aravena,et al.  Determination of Compound-Specific Carbon Isotope Ratios of Chlorinated Methanes, Ethanes, and Ethenes in Aqueous Samples , 2000 .

[6]  G. Petschel-Held,et al.  Urban Sprawl in Europe , 2007 .

[7]  D. Ludlow.  Urban Sprawl in Europe - The Ignored Challenge , 2006 .

[8]  D. Fatta-Kassinos,et al.  Wastewater reuse applications and contaminants of emerging concern , 2013, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[9]  J Winkler,et al.  Conceptual Models , 2012 .

[10]  P. Aldous,et al.  Contamination of the Chalk Aquifer by Chlorinated Solvents: A Case Study of the Luton and Dunstable Area , 1992 .

[11]  T. Vogel,et al.  Biotransformation of tetrachloroethylene to trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and carbon dioxide under methanogenic conditions , 1985, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[12]  A. Gargini,et al.  A stable isotope approach for source apportionment of chlorinated ethene plumes at a complex multi-contamination events urban site. , 2013, Journal of contaminant hydrology.

[13]  C. Daughton.  Non-regulated water contaminants: emerging research , 2004 .

[14]  Thomas Knacker,et al.  Estimating the use of veterinary medicines in the European union. , 2008, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

[15]  Biological remediation approach involving soils and groundwaters polluted with chlorinated solvents in a Mediterranean context , 2011 .

[16]  F. Schwille,et al.  Migration of Organic Fluids Immiscible with Water in the Unsaturated Zone , 1984 .

[17]  Frances Z. Parsons,et al.  Kinetics of the depletion of trichloroethene. , 1987, Environmental science & technology.

[18]  Chih-Ming Kao,et al.  Using a peat biobarrier to remediate PCE/TCE contaminated aquifers , 2000 .

[19]  B. Mahler,et al.  Contribution of PAHs from coal-tar pavement sealcoat and other sources to 40 U.S. lakes. , 2010, The Science of the total environment.

[20]  J. Cherry,et al.  Field study of TCE diffusion profiles below DNAPL to assess aquitard integrity. , 2004, Journal of contaminant hydrology.

[21]  H. Frumkin.  Urban Sprawl and Public Health , 2002, Public health reports.

[22]  B. Zoeteman,et al.  Persistency of Organic Contaminants in Groundwater, Lessons from Soil Pollution Incidents in the Netherlands , 1981 .

[23]  B. Ruddy,et al.  Probability of nitrate contamination of recently recharged groundwaters in the conterminous United States. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.

[24]  Thorsten Reemtsma,et al.  Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate , 2008 .

[25]  E. Agency.  An illustrated handbook of DNAPL transport and fate in the subsurface , 2003 .

[26]  John F. McBride,et al.  Dense Chlorinated Solvents in Porous and Fractured Media: Model Experiments , 1990 .

[27]  Beth L. Parker,et al.  Plume persistence due to aquitard back diffusion following dense nonaqueous phase liquid source removal or isolation , 2005 .

[28]  E. Sanderson,et al.  The Human Footprint and the Last of the Wild , 2002 .

[29]  B. Kløve,et al.  Groundwater Pollution and Quality Monitoring Approaches at the European Level , 2013 .

[30]  R. Aravena,et al.  Environmental Isotopes in Biodegradation and Bioremediation , 2009 .

[31]  M. Rivett,et al.  Dissolution of an emplaced source of DNAPL in a natural aquifer setting. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[32]  D. G. Thompson.  On underground-water , 1932 .

[33]  J. Cherry,et al.  Mass and Flux Distributions from DNAPL Zones in Sandy Aquifers , 2005, Ground water.

[34]  David N. Lerner,et al.  Chlorinated Solvents in UK Aquifers , 1990 .

[35]  Karen C. Rice,et al.  The Urban Environmental Gradient: Anthropogenic Influences on the Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Lead and Zinc in Sediments , 2000 .

[36]  G. Dagan,et al.  Pollutants in porous media : the unsaturated zone between soil surface and groundwater , 1984 .

[37]  Simone Sterlacchini,et al.  The Use of the Weights-of-Evidence Modeling Technique to Estimate the Vulnerability of Groundwater to Nitrate Contamination , 2007 .

[38]  T. Sale,et al.  Testing high resolution numerical models for analysis of contaminant storage and release from low permeability zones. , 2012, Journal of contaminant hydrology.