Development of a Coupled Land Surface and Groundwater Model

Abstract Traditional land surface models (LSMs) used for numerical weather simulation, climate projection, and as inputs to water management decision support systems, do not treat the LSM lower boundary in a fully process-based fashion. LSMs have evolved from a leaky-bucket approximation to more sophisticated land surface water and energy budget models that typically have a specified bottom layer flux to depict the lowest model layer exchange with deeper aquifers. The LSM lower boundary is often assumed zero flux or the soil moisture content is set to a constant value; an approach that while mass conservative, ignores processes that can alter surface fluxes, runoff, and water quantity and quality. Conversely, groundwater models (GWMs) for saturated and unsaturated water flow, while addressing important features such as subsurface heterogeneity and three-dimensional flow, often have overly simplified upper boundary conditions that ignore soil heating, runoff, snow, and root-zone uptake. In the present stud...

[1]  Zeng Qingcun,et al.  A land surface model (IAP94) for climate studies part I: Formulation and validation in off-line experiments , 1997 .

[2]  B. Bonan,et al.  A Land Surface Model (LSM Version 1.0) for Ecological, Hydrological, and Atmospheric Studies: Technical Description and User's Guide , 1996 .

[3]  A. Dalcher,et al.  A Simple Biosphere Model (SIB) for Use within General Circulation Models , 1986 .

[4]  I. C. Prentice,et al.  An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes , 1996 .

[5]  F. Giorgi.  Simulation of Regional Climate Using a Limited Area Model Nested in a General Circulation Model , 1990 .

[6]  G. Hornberger,et al.  Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties , 1978 .

[7]  G. Hornberger,et al.  A Statistical Exploration of the Relationships of Soil Moisture Characteristics to the Physical Properties of Soils , 1984 .

[8]  Zong-Liang Yang,et al.  Preliminary study of spin‐up processes in land surface models with the first stage data of Project for Intercomparison of Land Surface Parameterization Schemes Phase 1(a) , 1995 .

[9]  Y. Xue,et al.  18-Year Land-Surface Hydrology Model Simulations for a Midlatitude Grassland Catchment in Valdai, Russia , 1997 .

[10]  A. Robock,et al.  The Global Soil Moisture Data Bank , 2000 .

[11]  Elfatih A. B. Eltahir,et al.  Representation of Water Table Dynamics in a Land Surface Scheme. Part I: Model Development , 2005 .

[12]  C. Willmott.  Some Comments on the Evaluation of Model Performance , 1982 .

[13]  Eric F. Wood,et al.  A land-surface hydrology parameterization with subgrid variability for general circulation models , 1992 .

[14]  R. Dickinson,et al.  Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) version le as coupled to the NCAR community climate model. Technical note. [NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)] , 1993 .

[15]  Zong-Liang Yang,et al.  Simulations of a boreal grassland hydrology at Valdai, Russia: PILPS phase 2(d). , 2000 .

[16]  R. Dickinson,et al.  The Representation of Snow in Land Surface Schemes: Results from PILPS 2(d) , 2001 .

[17]  L. A. Richards.  Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums , 1931 .

[18]  R. Dickinson,et al.  A regional climate model for the western United States , 1989 .

[19]  Eric F. Wood,et al.  Evapotranspiration and runoff from large land areas: Land surface hydrology for atmospheric general circulation models , 1991 .

[20]  Marcel G. Schaap,et al.  Database-related accuracy and uncertainty of pedotransfer functions , 1998 .

[21]  A. Robock,et al.  Scales of temporal and spatial variability of midlatitude soil moisture , 1996 .

[22]  Dara Entekhabi,et al.  Hillslope and Climatic Controls on Hydrologic Fluxes , 1995 .

[23]  C. Rosenzweig,et al.  Improved Ground Hydrology Calculations for Global Climate Models (GCMs): Soil Water Movement and Evapotranspiration , 1988 .

[24]  Zhenghui Xie,et al.  A new parameterization for surface and groundwater interactions and its impact on water budgets with the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) land surface model , 2003 .

[25]  D. Lettenmaier,et al.  A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models , 1994 .

[26]  Jim E. Jones,et al.  Newton–Krylov-multigrid solvers for large-scale, highly heterogeneous, variably saturated flow problems , 2001 .

[27]  R. Dickinson,et al.  The Common Land Model , 2003 .

[28]  G. Russell,et al.  Global river runoff calculated from a global atmospheric general circulation model. , 1990 .

[29]  G. Salvucci,et al.  Equilibrium analysis of groundwater–vadose zone interactions and the resulting spatial distribution of hydrologic fluxes across a Canadian Prairie , 1999 .

[30]  S. Ashby,et al.  A parallel multigrid preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm for groundwater flow simulations , 1996 .

[31]  R. Dickinson,et al.  Effects of frozen soil on soil temperature, spring infiltration, and runoff: Results from the PILPS 2(d) experiment at Valdai, Russia , 2003 .

[32]  Roger A. Pielke,et al.  Coupled Atmosphere–Biophysics–Hydrology Models for Environmental Modeling , 2000 .

[33]  Van Genuchten,et al.  A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils , 1980 .

[34]  Robert L. Street,et al.  A numerical model based on coupled one‐dimensional Richards and Boussinesq equations , 1974 .

[35]  Y. Xue,et al.  Use of midlatitude soil moisture and meteorological observations to validate soil moisture simulations with biosphere and bucket models , 1995 .

[36]  Peter E. Thornton,et al.  Technical Description of the Community Land Model (CLM) , 2004 .

[37]  Ann Henderson-Sellers,et al.  Biosphere-atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) for the NCAR Community Climate Model , 1986 .

[38]  S. Manabe,et al.  SIMULATED CLIMATOLOGY OF A GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL WITH A HYDROLOGIC CYCLE , 1965 .