Systematic Design of Fault-Tolerant Computers

The origin of the concept of fault tolerance and the evolution of guidelines for the systematic design of fault-tolerant systems is reviewed. The current formulation of the guidelines, called a design paradigm, is presented. The problem of using off-the-shelf subsystems in a fault-tolerant system is discussed. In conclusion, an analogy of complex fault-tolerant systems and living organisms is suggested as a means to advance the understanding of fault tolerance.

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