LFC Analysis in PV-Thermal System Using Non-integer Controller

This chapter contains the non-integer proportional–integral controller tuned by firefly algorithm for the regulation of frequency. Here, the results of the two-area system using PI controller are challenged using the new non-integer PI controller which expectedly gave the better results as compared to the standard PI controller. The system which is considered here for the study is the two-area interconnected system: One area has the thermal system, and the other one contains the photovoltaic system. The firefly algorithm helps here to find the controller’s scaling factors which help the system to come back to the normal state after the system is subjected to the 1% step load perturbation. The results of the surveyed systems with different controllers are compared on the basis of peak overshoots, undershoots, and settling time.