Environmentally responsible behavior in ecotourism: antecedents and implications.

This study explores the environmentally responsible behavior of tourists engaged in ecotourism. It proposes a behavioral model in which perceived value, satisfaction and activity involvement with respect to the eco-travel experience shape the tourist's environmentally responsible behavior. Unlike other studies that view environmentally responsible behavior as a generic trait, this study explores whether the level of environmentally responsible behavior can actually change as a result of the eco-travel experience. A total of 328 valid questionnaires were obtained and analyzed using partial least squares. The results show that perceived value, satisfaction and activity involvement can promote environmentally responsible behavior of tourists. While perceived value directly affects environmentally responsible behavior, satisfaction and involvement play the roles of partial mediators in the behavioral model. Thus, enhancing tourist's value perception about the eco-travel activity is the first in a sequence of steps that would strengthen environmentally responsible behavior via increasing the ecotourist's activity involvement and satisfaction levels. Finally, the implications for the key stakeholders in the ecotourism industry are discussed.

[1]  Benjamin Le,et al.  Building a model of commitment to the natural environment to predict ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice , 2011 .

[2]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , 1977 .

[3]  C. Fornell,et al.  Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. , 1981 .

[4]  Ignacio Rodríguez del Bosque,et al.  Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affective model , 2008 .

[5]  S. Tian-Cole,et al.  A conceptualization of the relationships between service quality and visitor satisfaction, and their links to destination selection , 2003 .

[6]  J. Petrick The Roles of Quality, Value, and Satisfaction in Predicting Cruise Passengers’ Behavioral Intentions , 2004 .

[7]  O. Iwata Attitudinal Determinants of Environmentally Responsible Behavior , 2001 .

[8]  C. Russell,et al.  Experiential Reciprocity: The Role of Direct Experience in Value Perceptions , 2010 .

[9]  A. Lew Understanding Experiential Authenticity through the Best Tourism Places , 2011 .

[10]  Scott B. MacKenzie,et al.  Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[11]  G. Soutar,et al.  Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale , 2001 .

[12]  T. Tangeland,et al.  Why Do People Purchase Nature-Based Tourism Activity Products? A Norwegian Case Study of Outdoor Recreation , 2011 .

[13]  Michael Riley,et al.  An Investigation of Perceived Value Dimensions: Implications for Hospitality Research , 2004 .

[14]  Debra A. Laverie,et al.  Factors Affecting Fan Attendance: The Influence of Identity Salience and Satisfaction , 2000 .

[15]  T. Lee A Structural Model to Examine How Destination Image, Attitude, and Motivation Affect the Future Behavior of Tourists , 2009 .

[16]  S. Ham,et al.  Can Ecotourism Interpretation Really Lead to Pro-Conservation Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour? Evidence from the Galapagos Islands , 2008 .

[17]  N. Smith-sebasto,et al.  Designing a likert-type scale to predict environmentally responsible behavior in undergraduate students: A multistep process. , 1995 .

[18]  M. Havitz,et al.  A path analytic model of the relationships between involvement, psychological commitment, and loyalty. , 1998 .

[19]  M. Orams Towards a more desirable form of ecotourism , 1995 .

[20]  V. Zeithaml Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence: , 1988 .

[21]  J. Zaichkowsky Measuring the Involvement Construct , 1985 .

[22]  Michel Tenenhaus,et al.  PLS path modeling , 2005, Comput. Stat. Data Anal..

[23]  Jinyang Deng,et al.  The New Environmental Paradigm and Nature-Based Tourism Motivation , 2008 .

[24]  Kakyom Kim,et al.  Analysis of Structural Equation Model for the Student Pleasure Travel Market: Motivation, Involvement, Satisfaction, and Destination Loyalty , 2008 .

[25]  G. Laurent,et al.  Measuring Consumer Involvement Profiles , 1985 .

[26]  R. Stedman,et al.  SENSE OF PLACE AS AN ATTITUDE: LAKESHORE OWNERS ATTITUDES TOWARD THEIR PROPERTIES , 2001 .

[27]  G. Kyle,et al.  Effect of Activity Involvement and Place Attachment on Recreationists' Perceptions of Setting Density , 2004 .

[28]  J. Ritchie,et al.  The service experience in tourism , 1996 .

[29]  Nelson A. Barber,et al.  Wine Tourism, Environmental Concerns, and Purchase Intention , 2010 .

[30]  A. Coghlan Linking natural resource management to tourist satisfaction: a study of Australia's Great Barrier Reef , 2012 .

[31]  G. Kyle,et al.  Testing the Dimensionality of Place Attachment in Recreational Settings , 2005 .

[32]  H. Hungerford,et al.  Changing Learner Behavior through Environmental Education , 1990 .

[33]  E. Sirakaya,et al.  Redefining Ecotourism: The Need for a Supply-Side View , 1999 .

[34]  J. Higham,et al.  Ecotourism Visitor Experiences in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Challenging the Environmental Values of Visitors in Pursuit of Pro-environmental Behaviour , 2002 .

[35]  Shiuh-Nan Hwang,et al.  The relationship among tourists’ involvement, place attachment and interpretation satisfaction in Taiwan’s national parks , 2005 .

[36]  M. R. Solomon Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being , 1993 .

[37]  M. Havitz,et al.  Leisure Involvement Revisited: Drive Properties and Paradoxes , 1999 .

[38]  Heesup Han,et al.  An investigation of green hotel customers' decision formation: developing an extended model of the theory of planned behavior. , 2010 .

[39]  B. Thapa The Mediation Effect of Outdoor Recreation Participation on Environmental Attitude-Behavior Correspondence , 2010 .

[40]  Marko Sarstedt,et al.  An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research , 2012 .

[41]  John L. Crompton,et al.  A taxonomy of leisure purchase decision paradigms based on level of involvement. , 1993 .

[42]  R. Ballantyne,et al.  Using tourism free‐choice learning experiences to promote environmentally sustainable behaviour: the role of post‐visit ‘action resources’ , 2011 .

[43]  H. Zeppel Education and Conservation Benefits of Marine Wildlife Tours: Developing Free-Choice Learning Experiences , 2008 .

[44]  Peter H. Bloch,et al.  A Theoretical Model for the Study of Product Importance Perceptions , 1983 .

[45]  Rex B. Kline,et al.  Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling , 1998 .

[46]  J. Pigram,et al.  Recreation specialization reexamined: The case of vehicle‐based campers , 1992 .

[47]  Susanna Curtin,et al.  Wildlife tourism: the intangible, psychological benefits of human–wildlife encounters , 2009 .

[48]  Svein Larsen,et al.  Aspects of a Psychology of the Tourist Experience , 2007 .

[49]  R. Oliver Effect of expectation and disconfirmation on postexposure product evaluations: An alternative interpretation. , 1977 .

[50]  A. Kaplan,et al.  A Beginner's Guide to Partial Least Squares Analysis , 2004 .

[51]  D. Kerstetter,et al.  Profiling Taiwanese ecotourists using a behavioral approach , 2004 .

[52]  D. Kerstetter,et al.  Level of Specialization and Place Attachment: An Exploratory Study of Whitewater Recreationists , 2000 .

[53]  Elizabeth A. Halpenny,et al.  Pro-environmental behaviours and park visitors: The effect of place attachment , 2010 .

[54]  Ching-Fu Chen,et al.  How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions , 2007 .

[55]  R. Puhakka Environmental Concern and Responsibility among Nature Tourists in Oulanka PAN Park, Finland , 2011 .

[56]  Frederic Dimanche,et al.  Leisure Involvement Revisited: Conceptual Conundrums and Measurement Advances , 1997 .

[57]  G. Moscardo,et al.  Understanding the Impact of Ecotourism Resort Experiences on Tourists’ Environmental Attitudes and Behavioural Intentions , 2005 .

[58]  Barbara L. Gross,et al.  Why we buy what we buy: A theory of consumption values , 1991 .

[59]  Marko Sarstedt,et al.  PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet , 2011 .

[60]  Peter Björk,et al.  Ecotourism from a conceptual perspective, an extended definition of a unique tourism form , 2000 .

[61]  G. Moscardo,et al.  Exploring Cross-cultural Differences in Attitudes towards Responsible Tourist Behaviour: A Comparison of Korean, British and Australian Tourists , 2006 .

[62]  T. Baum,et al.  Ecotourists' Perception of Ecotourism Experience in Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia , 2007 .

[63]  Alan R. Graefe,et al.  Testing a Conceptual Framework of Responsible Environmental Behavior , 1997 .

[64]  B. Thapa,et al.  Specialization and Marine Based Environmental Behaviors Among SCUBA Divers , 2006 .

[65]  Roger L. Moore,et al.  The Effects of Place Attachment, Hypothetical Site Modifications and Use Levels on Recreation Behavior , 2010 .

[66]  Ruth N. Bolton,et al.  A Multistage Model of Customers' Assessments of Service Quality and Value , 1991 .

[67]  T. Gärling,et al.  The mediating effect of value orientation on the relationship between socio-demographic factors and environmental concern in Swedish tourists’ vacation choices , 2012 .

[68]  V. Vroom Work and motivation , 1964 .

[69]  David J. Reibstein,et al.  The Direction of Causality Between Perceptions, Affect, and Behavior: An Application to Travel Behavior , 1980 .

[70]  H. Assael Consumer Behavior: A Strategic Approach , 2003 .

[71]  Moses Makonjio Okello,et al.  Tourist satisfaction in relation to attractions and implications for conservation in the protected areas of the Northern Circuit, Tanzania , 2009 .

[72]  M. Johansson,et al.  Environmental Concern and Knowledge of Ecotourism among Three Groups of Swedish Tourists , 2006 .

[73]  Geoffrey Wall,et al.  Ecotourism: towards congruence between theory and practice , 1999 .

[74]  R. Westbrook Product/Consumption-Based Affective Responses and Postpurchase Processes , 1987 .

[75]  F. Leisch,et al.  The sustainability–profitability trade-off in tourism: can it be overcome? , 2011 .

[76]  D. Morais,et al.  Antecedents of Attachment to a Cultural Tourism Destination: The Case of Hakka and Non-Hakka Taiwanese Visitors to Pei-Pu, Taiwan , 2005 .

[77]  A. Parasuraman,et al.  Reassessment of expectations as a comparison standard in measuring service quality: Implications , 1994 .

[78]  F. Bookstein,et al.  Two Structural Equation Models: LISREL and PLS Applied to Consumer Exit-Voice Theory: , 1982 .

[79]  P. Stern New Environmental Theories: Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior , 2000 .

[80]  R. B. Woodruff,et al.  Modeling Consumer Satisfaction Processes Using Experience-Based Norms: , 1983 .

[81]  Alan R. Graefe,et al.  Examining the Antecedents of Destination Loyalty in a Forest Setting , 2007 .

[82]  J. Vaske,et al.  Place Attachment and Environmentally Responsible Behavior , 2001 .

[83]  J. M. Hines,et al.  Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis. , 1987 .

[84]  R. Oliver,et al.  Assessing the Dimensionality and Structure of the Consumption Experience: Evaluation, Feeling, and Satisfaction , 1993 .

[85]  R. B. Woodruff,et al.  Customer value: The next source for competitive advantage , 1997 .

[86]  J. Absher,et al.  A Modified Involvement Scale , 2007 .

[87]  T. Lee How recreation involvement, place attachment and conservation commitment affect environmentally responsible behavior , 2011 .

[88]  Héctor San Martín,et al.  An exploration of the effects of past experience and tourist involvement on destination loyalty formation , 2013 .