Editor's Choice - Management of Chronic Venous Disease: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS).

[1]  D. Healy,et al.  Validation of air plethysmography, photoplethysmography, and duplex ultrasonography in the evaluation of severe venous stasis. , 1994, Journal of vascular surgery.

[2]  L. Arends,et al.  Endovenous therapies of lower extremity varicosities: a meta-analysis. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[3]  B. Starfield,et al.  Varicose veins: a comparison of surgery and injection-compression sclerotherapy. , 1972, Lancet.

[4]  P. Pittaluga,et al.  The effect of isolated phlebectomy on reflux and diameter of the great saphenous vein: a prospective study. , 2010, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[5]  C. McCollum,et al.  Effect of leg elevation on healing, venous velocity and ambulatory venous pressure in venous ulceration , 2005 .

[6]  O. Petrini,et al.  Chronic venous disorders: correlation between visible signs, symptoms, and presence of functional disease. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[7]  M. Courtney,et al.  Factors associated with recurrence of venous leg ulcers: a survey and retrospective chart review. , 2009, International journal of nursing studies.

[8]  A. Davies,et al.  A study to compare disease-specific quality of life with clinical anatomical and hemodynamic assessments in patients with varicose veins. , 2011, Journal of vascular surgery.

[9]  Clifford W Colwell,et al.  Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism* American College of Chest Physicians Evidence- Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition) , 2008 .

[10]  I. Chetter,et al.  Modelling the effect of venous disease on quality of life , 2011, The British journal of surgery.

[11]  A. Loundou,et al.  Endovascular management of chronic disabling ilio-caval obstructive lesions: long-term results. , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[12]  F. Mazari,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablation compared with conventional surgery for great saphenous varicose veins , 2011, The British journal of surgery.

[13]  Xiao-Qiang Li,et al.  Endovascular treatment of iliac vein compression syndrome. , 2011, Chinese medical journal.

[14]  Gregor Schweighofer,et al.  The anatomy of the small saphenous vein: fascial and neural relations, saphenofemoral junction, and valves. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[15]  A. Davies,et al.  Pharmacological agents in the treatment of venous disease: an update of the available evidence. , 2009, Current vascular pharmacology.

[16]  W. Marston,et al.  Incidence of and risk factors for iliocaval venous obstruction in patients with active or healed venous leg ulcers. , 2011, Journal of vascular surgery.

[17]  V. K. Tan,et al.  Medium-term results of ultrasonography-guided, catheter-assisted foam sclerotherapy of the long saphenous vein for treatment of varicose veins. , 2012, Singapore medical journal.

[18]  A. Bradbury,et al.  Duplex ultrasound outcomes following ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy of symptomatic primary great saphenous varicose veins. , 2010, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[19]  E. A. Nelson,et al.  Dressings for venous leg ulcers: systematic review and meta-analysis , 2007, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[20]  S. O’Meara,et al.  Alginate dressings for venous leg ulcers. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[21]  D. Robertson.  Congenital arteriovenous fistulae of the extremities. , 1956, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[22]  G. Moneta,et al.  The hemodynamics and diagnosis of venous disease. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[23]  J. Brazier,et al.  Randomized clinical trial comparing surgery with conservative treatment for uncomplicated varicose veins , 2006, The British journal of surgery.

[24]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs--UIP consensus document. Part I. Basic principles. , 2007, VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten.

[25]  D. Rajan,et al.  Percutaneous sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy for peripheral venous vascular malformations: a single-center experience. , 2007, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[26]  James G. Chandler,et al.  The unresolved problem of recurrent saphenofemoral reflux. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[27]  E. Rabe,et al.  Sclerotherapy of telangiectases and reticular veins: a double-blind, randomized, comparative clinical trial of polidocanol, sodium tetradecyl sulphate and isotonic saline (EASI study) , 2010, Phlebology.

[28]  T. Moehler,et al.  Endovenous Treatment of the Great Saphenous Vein Using a 1,320 nm Nd: YAG Laser Causes Fewer Side Effects than Using a 940 nm Diode Laser , 2005, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[29]  M. Servelle,et al.  [Deep vein malformations in the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome]. , 1980, Phlebologie.

[30]  S. Raju,et al.  Obstructive lesions of the inferior vena cava: clinical features and endovenous treatment. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[31]  H. Komai,et al.  Deep venous external valvuloplasty using a rigid angioscope , 2010, Surgery Today.

[32]  D. Driscoll,et al.  Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome: spectrum and management. , 1998, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[33]  A. Rosales,et al.  Stenting for chronic post-thrombotic vena cava and iliofemoral venous occlusions: mid-term patency and clinical outcome. , 2010, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[34]  R. Kistner,et al.  Long-term results of venous valve reconstruction: a four- to twenty-one-year follow-up. , 1994, Journal of vascular surgery.

[35]  F. Lurie,et al.  The relative position of paired valves at venous junctions suggests their role in modulating three-dimensional flow pattern in veins. , 2012, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[36]  D. Lamping,et al.  VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire was a reliable and valid disease-specific quality of life measure for deep venous thrombosis. , 2006, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[37]  P. de Rango,et al.  Development of primary superficial venous insufficiency: the ascending theory. Observational and hemodynamic data from a 9-year experience. , 2010, Annals of vascular surgery.

[38]  Alessandra Puggioni,et al.  Endovenous laser therapy and radiofrequency ablation of the great saphenous vein: analysis of early efficacy and complications. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[39]  M. D. Tilson,et al.  Analysis of the connective tissue matrix and proteolytic activity of primary varicose veins. , 1993, Journal of vascular surgery.

[40]  J. Earnshaw,et al.  Causes of varicose vein recurrence: late results of a randomized controlled trial of stripping the long saphenous vein. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[41]  B. Eklof,et al.  Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation, foam sclerotherapy, and surgical stripping for great saphenous varicose veins with 3-year follow-up. , 2013, Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders.

[42]  P. Zamboni,et al.  Reflux elimination without any ablation or disconnection of the saphenous vein. A haemodynamic model for venous surgery. , 2001, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[43]  Sue Ann Sisto,et al.  Structured exercise improves calf muscle pump function in chronic venous insufficiency: a randomized trial. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[44]  A. Bradbury,et al.  Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for the treatment of chronic venous ulceration: a preliminary study. , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[45]  P. Pittaluga,et al.  Great saphenous vein stripping with preservation of sapheno-femoral confluence: hemodynamic and clinical results. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[46]  P. Nelemans,et al.  Minimally invasive treatment of chronic iliofemoral venous occlusive disease. , 2013, Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders.

[47]  S. O’Meara,et al.  Antibiotics and antiseptics for venous leg ulcers. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[48]  B. Geier,et al.  Oestradiol levels in varicose vein blood of patients with and without pelvic vein incompetence (PVI): diagnostic implications. , 2010, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[49]  K. Burnand,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of three‐layer paste and four‐layer bandages for venous leg ulcers , 2003, The British journal of surgery.

[50]  E. Palma,et al.  Vein transplants and grafts in the surgical treatment of the postphlebitic syndrome. , 1960, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[51]  P. Coleridge-Smith,et al.  Venous leg ulcer: a meta-analysis of adjunctive therapy with micronized purified flavonoid fraction. , 2005, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[52]  C. Hildebolt,et al.  Postthrombotic syndrome: feasibility of a strategy of imaging-guided endovascular intervention. , 2012, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[53]  A. Cavallaro,et al.  Duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of incompetent Cockett veins. , 2000, European journal of ultrasound : official journal of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology.

[54]  R. J. Whitney,et al.  The measurement of volume changes in human limbs , 1953, The Journal of physiology.

[55]  A. Davies,et al.  Immediate hemodynamic effect of the additional use of the SCD EXPRESS Compression System in patients with venous ulcers treated with the four-layer compression bandaging system. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[56]  J. Bonerandi,et al.  Respect chirurgical des crosses saphènes internes modérément incontinentes par effet siphon chez les patients variqueux , 1993 .

[57]  A. Cavezzi,et al.  Foam sclerotherapy techniques: different gases and methods of preparation, catheter versus direct injection , 2009, Phlebology.

[58]  R. P. Grimley.  The Return of Blood to the Heart: Venous Pumps in Health and Disease , 1990 .

[59]  M. Prins,et al.  Compression therapy for treating stage I and II (Widmer) post-thrombotic syndrome. , 2003, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[60]  E. Rabe,et al.  European guidelines for sclerotherapy in chronic venous disorders , 2014, Phlebology.

[61]  D. E. Strandness,et al.  Relationship between changes in the deep venous system and the development of the postthrombotic syndrome after an acute episode of lower limb deep vein thrombosis: a one- to six-year follow-up. , 1995, Journal of vascular surgery.

[62]  V. Trastek,et al.  Experimental replacement of the inferior vena cava: factors affecting patency. , 1984, Surgery.

[63]  D. Bergqvist,et al.  Recurrent varicose veins: incidence, risk factors and groin anatomy. , 2004, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[64]  B. van Ramshorst,et al.  Photoplethysmography reexamined: lack of correlation with duplex scanning. , 1992, Surgery.

[65]  S. Raju,et al.  Venous obstruction: an analysis of one hundred thirty-seven cases with hemodynamic, venographic, and clinical correlations. , 1991, Journal of vascular surgery.

[66]  Y. Chen,et al.  Flow through a collapsible tube. Experimental analysis and mathematical model. , 1969, Biophysical journal.

[67]  A. Gottsäter,et al.  Iliocaval vein stenting: Long term survey of postthrombotic symptoms and working capacity , 2011, Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis.

[68]  H. Welch.  Endovenous ablation of the great saphenous vein may avert phlebectomy for branch varicose veins. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[69]  P. Galley,et al.  A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a new veno-active flavonoid fraction (S 5682) in the treatment of symptomatic capillary fragility. , 1993, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[70]  H. Maricq,et al.  Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical patterns of chronic venous disorders of lower limbs: a population-based study in France. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[71]  K. Schuldt,et al.  Bonner Venenstudie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Phlebologie , 2003, Phlebologie.

[72]  F. Nieman,et al.  Ambulatory Phlebectomy Versus Compression Sclerotherapy: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial , 2003, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[73]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  The relation of venous ulceration with ambulatory venous pressure measurements. , 1993, Journal of vascular surgery.

[74]  R. Weiss,et al.  Early clinical results with a multiple synchronized pulse 1064 NM laser for leg telangiectasias and reticular veins. , 1999, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[75]  J E Ware,et al.  Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project. , 1998, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[76]  R. Depalma,et al.  Recurrent Varices after Surgery (REVAS), a Consensus Document , 2000, Cardiovascular Surgery.

[77]  A. Caggiati,et al.  Fascial relationships of the short saphenous vein. , 2001, Journal of vascular surgery.

[78]  J. Almeida,et al.  First human use of cyanoacrylate adhesive for treatment of saphenous vein incompetence. , 2013, Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders.

[79]  J. Earnshaw,et al.  Randomised trial of polytetrafluoroethylene patch insertion for recurrent great saphenous varicose veins. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[80]  J. Bena,et al.  Iliofemoral stenting for venous occlusive disease. , 2011, Journal of vascular surgery.

[81]  M. Criqui,et al.  Quality of life in patients with chronic venous disease: San Diego population study. , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[82]  I. Eriksson,et al.  Influence of the profunda femoris vein on venous hemodynamics of the limb. Experience from thirty-one deep vein valve reconstructions. , 1986, Journal of vascular surgery.

[83]  O. Pichot,et al.  Treatment of the incompetent great saphenous vein by endovenous radiofrequency powered segmental thermal ablation: first clinical experience. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[84]  T. Cheatle,et al.  Venous valve repair: early results in fifty-two cases. , 1994, Journal of vascular surgery.

[85]  C. Presti,et al.  A duplex scan-based morphologic study of the femoral vein: Incidence and patterns of duplication , 2010, Vascular medicine.

[86]  G. McGreal,et al.  The technique of transilluminated powered phlebectomy -- a novel, minimally invasive system for varicose vein surgery. , 2002, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[87]  S. O’Meara,et al.  Foam dressings for venous leg ulcers. , 2013, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[88]  F. Lurie,et al.  Prospective randomized study of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration (closure procedure) versus ligation and stripping in a selected patient population (EVOLVeS Study). , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[89]  D. Jolley,et al.  Outcome of ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy for varicose veins: medium-term results assessed by ultrasound surveillance. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[90]  H. Ben‐Hur,et al.  Estrogen and progesterone receptors in normal and varicose saphenous veins. , 1999, Cardiovascular surgery.

[91]  T. Mayhew,et al.  Assessment of wall structure and composition of varicose veins with reference to collagen, elastin and smooth muscle content. , 1996, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[92]  Fedor Lurie,et al.  Mechanism of venous valve closure and role of the valve in circulation: a new concept. , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[93]  S. Hollingsworth,et al.  Primary varicose veins: the sapheno-femoral junction, distribution of varicosities and patterns of incompetence. , 2003, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[94]  David M. Williams,et al.  Endovenous laser ablation: venous outcomes and thrombotic complications are independent of the presence of deep venous insufficiency. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[95]  H. Ishibashi,et al.  A comparison of interface pressure and stiffness between elastic stockings and bandages , 2009, Phlebology.

[96]  A. Kaszuba,et al.  The Beneficial Augmentative Effect of Micronised Purified Flavonoid Fraction (MPFF) on the Healing of Leg Ulcers: An Open, Multicentre, Controlled, Randomised Study , 1999 .

[97]  G. Smedile,et al.  Neovalve construction in deep venous incompetence. , 2009, Journal of vascular surgery.

[98]  J. Hardy,et al.  Technical options in venous valve reconstruction. , 1997, American journal of surgery.

[99]  B. Geier,et al.  MR venography in the detection of pelvic venous congestion. , 2008, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[100]  Pang As.  Location of valves and competence of the great saphenous vein above the knee. , 1991 .

[101]  C. Spritzer.  Progress in MR imaging of the venous system. , 2002, Perspectives in vascular surgery and endovascular therapy.

[102]  S. Laporte,et al.  A randomized double-blind trial of upward progressive versus degressive compressive stockings in patients with moderate to severe chronic venous insufficiency. , 2012, Journal of vascular surgery.

[103]  G. Jantet.  Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Worldwide Results of the RELIEF Study , 2002, Angiology.

[104]  M. Ruggieri,et al.  Neurocutaneous Disorders Phakomatoses and Hamartoneoplastic Syndromes , 2008 .

[105]  L. Norgren,et al.  A randomised controlled trial of micronised purified flavonoid fraction vs placebo in patients with chronic venous disease. , 2002, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[106]  P. Raymond‐Martimbeau.  Transient adverse events positively associated with patent foramen ovale after ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy , 2009, Phlebology.

[107]  G. Andreozzi.  Sulodexide in the Treatment of Chronic Venous Disease , 2012, American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs.

[108]  L. Queral,et al.  The use of photoplethysmography in the assessment of venous insufficiency: a comparison to venous pressure measurements. , 1979, Surgery.

[109]  C. Beverley,et al.  Surgery versus sclerotherapy for the treatment of varicose veins. , 2004, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[110]  J. Earnshaw,et al.  Neovascularisation is the principal cause of varicose vein recurrence: results of a randomised trial of stripping the long saphenous vein. , 1996, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[111]  J. Gallagher,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Venography in the Diagnosis and Management of May-Thurner Syndrome , 2002, Vascular and endovascular surgery.

[112]  Weimin Li,et al.  Long-term outcomes of stent placement for symptomatic nonthrombotic iliac vein compression lesions in chronic venous disease. , 2012, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[113]  L. Greenfield,et al.  Classification and grading of chronic venous disease in the lower limbs. A consensus statement. , 1995, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[114]  J. Holdsworth,et al.  Complications following re-exploration of the groin for recurrent varicose veins. , 2001, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[115]  K. Parsi,et al.  Catheter-directed sclerotherapy , 2009, Phlebology.

[116]  R. van den Oever,et al.  Socio-economic impact of chronic venous insufficiency. An underestimated public health problem. , 1998, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[117]  A. Davies,et al.  Pathogenesis and etiology of recurrent varicose veins. , 2013, Journal of vascular surgery.

[118]  M. Reijnen,et al.  Conventional surgery and endovenous laser ablation of recurrent varicose veins of the small saphenous vein: a retrospective clinical comparison and assessment of patient satisfaction , 2010, Phlebology.

[119]  C. Moffatt,et al.  Randomized trial of cohesive short‐stretch versus four‐layer bandaging in the management of venous ulceration , 2004, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[120]  A. Malich,et al.  Magnetic resonance VIBE venography using the blood pool contrast agent gadofosveset trisodium--an interrater reliability study. , 2012, European journal of radiology.

[121]  W. Fegan,et al.  Reversibility of femorosaphenous reflux , 1971, The British journal of surgery.

[122]  Matthew M Thompson,et al.  Surgical Management Of Varicose Veins: Meta-analysis , 2010, Vascular.

[123]  R. Kistner.  Surgical repair of the incompetent femoral vein valve. , 1975, Archives of surgery.

[124]  J. Hasty,et al.  Sequential gradient pneumatic compression enhances venous ulcer healing: a randomized trial. , 1990, Surgery.

[125]  S. Ibbotson,et al.  Randomised trial of oral aspirin for chronic venous leg ulcers , 1994, The Lancet.

[126]  D. Sze,et al.  Endovascular management of iliac vein compression (May-Thurner) syndrome. , 2000, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[127]  N. Browse,et al.  The etiology of the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. , 1985 .

[128]  J. Shepherd,et al.  Role of the veins in the circulation. , 1966, Circulation.

[129]  S. Kahn.  Measurement properties of the Villalta scale to define and classify the severity of the post‐thrombotic syndrome , 2009, Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH.

[130]  S. Goode,et al.  Laser and radiofrequency ablation study (LARA study): a randomised study comparing radiofrequency ablation and endovenous laser ablation (810 nm). , 2010, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[131]  J. Almeida,et al.  Ambulatory phlebectomy in the office. , 2008, Perspectives in vascular surgery and endovascular therapy.

[132]  R. Armisén,et al.  Endovenous laser and echo-guided foam ablation in great saphenous vein reflux: one-year follow-up results. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[133]  J. Christenson,et al.  Prospective randomized trial comparing endovenous laser ablation and surgery for treatment of primary great saphenous varicose veins with a 2-year follow-up. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[134]  Anne L. Martel,et al.  Iliac compression syndrome and recanalization of femoropopliteal and iliac venous thrombosis: a prospective study with magnetic resonance venography. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[135]  N. Labropoulos,et al.  Study of the venous reflux progression. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[136]  T. Nijsten,et al.  Proof-of-principle study of steam ablation as novel thermal therapy for saphenous varicose veins. , 2011, Journal of vascular surgery.

[137]  A. Naylor,et al.  A prospective randomised trial of four-layer versus short stretch compression bandages for the treatment of venous leg ulcers. , 1998, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[138]  Daniel L Monahan.  Can phlebectomy be deferred in the treatment of varicose veins? , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[139]  B. Guias,et al.  Foam sclerotherapy of the saphenous veins: randomised controlled trial with or without compression. , 2010, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[140]  E. Akl,et al.  Pharmacologic and compression therapies for postthrombotic syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. , 2012, Chest.

[141]  J. Perälä,et al.  Accuracy of hand-held Doppler in planning the operation for primary varicose veins. , 2002, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[142]  V. Parag,et al.  Pentoxifylline for treating venous leg ulcers. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[143]  C. Moffatt,et al.  Randomized trial of four‐layer and two‐layer bandage systems in the management of chronic venous ulceration , 2003, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[144]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  [Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs: UIP consensus document - Parte II: anatomy]. , 2006, Revista portuguesa de cirurgia cardio-toracica e vascular : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cirurgia Cardio-Toracica e Vascular.

[145]  Carl F. Rothe,et al.  Venous System: Physiology of the Capacitance Vessels , 2011 .

[146]  I. Perry,et al.  Randomized clinical trial and economic analysis of four‐layer compression bandaging for venous ulcers , 2003, The British journal of surgery.

[147]  A. Clark,et al.  Randomised clinical trial of the duration of compression therapy after varicose vein surgery. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[148]  R. Hissink,et al.  Compression stockings after endovenous laser ablation of the great saphenous vein: a prospective randomized controlled trial. , 2013, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[149]  N. Sadick,et al.  Cutaneous Necrosis, Telangiectatic Matting, and Hyperpigmentation following Sclerotherapy Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment , 1995, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[150]  E. A. Nelson,et al.  Randomised, double blind placebo controlled trial of pentoxifylline in the treatment of venous leg ulcers , 1999, BMJ.

[151]  S. Raju,et al.  High prevalence of nonthrombotic iliac vein lesions in chronic venous disease: a permissive role in pathogenicity. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[152]  D. Bogdanović,et al.  Risk factors related to the failure of venous leg ulcers to heal with compression treatment. , 2009, Journal of Vascular Surgery.

[153]  Diana T. F. Lee,et al.  Randomized controlled trial comparing treatment outcome of two compression bandaging systems and standard care without compression in patients with venous leg ulcers , 2012, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV.

[154]  N Kerse,et al.  The prepare pilot RCT of home-based progressive resistance exercises for venous leg ulcers. , 2009, Journal of wound care.

[155]  F. Lurie,et al.  Invasive treatment of deep venous disease. A UIP consensus. , 2010, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[156]  R. Likert.  “Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes, A” , 2022, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[157]  C. Bai,et al.  The optimal duration of compression therapy following varicose vein surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 2013, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[158]  A. V. Van rij,et al.  Recurrent Varicose Veins: Patterns of Reflux and Clinical Severity , 1999, Cardiovascular surgery.

[159]  S. Baker,et al.  Ultrasound‐guided foam sclerotherapy for the treatment of varicose veins , 2006, The British journal of surgery.

[160]  J. Earnshaw,et al.  Long term results of compression therapy alone versus compression plus surgery in chronic venous ulceration (ESCHAR): randomised controlled trial , 2007, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[161]  J. Davies,et al.  A home-based exercise programme improves ankle range of motion in long-term venous ulcer patients , 2007, Phlebology.

[162]  A. Davies,et al.  Diagnosis and management of varicose veins in the legs: summary of NICE guidance , 2013, BMJ.

[163]  P. Cisek,et al.  Venous outflow of the leg: anatomy and physiologic mechanism of the plantar venous plexus. , 1996, Journal of vascular surgery.

[164]  Z. Jing,et al.  Efficacy and safety of Aethoxysklerol® (polidocanol) 0.5%, 1% and 3% in comparison with placebo solution for the treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities in Chinese patients (ESA-China Study) , 2012, Phlebology.

[165]  Serge R Mordon,et al.  Endovenous laser ablation: a review of mechanisms of action. , 2012, Annals of vascular surgery.

[166]  G. A. Holloway,et al.  Systemic treatment of venous leg ulcers with high doses of pentoxifylline: efficacy in a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial , 1999, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[167]  C. Ioannou,et al.  Recurrent varicose veins after surgery: a new appraisal of a common and complex problem in vascular surgery. , 2004, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[168]  A. V. Van rij,et al.  Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins of the lower limbs after treatment for varicose veins - UIP consensus document. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[169]  R. de Graaf,et al.  Value of magnetic resonance venography and computed tomographic venography in lower extremity chronic venous disease , 2013, Phlebology.

[170]  G. Caputo,et al.  Variability of venous-hemodynamics with daily activity. , 1994, Journal of vascular surgery.

[171]  J. Caprini.  Risk assessment as a guide for the prevention of the many faces of venous thromboembolism. , 2010, American journal of surgery.

[172]  S. Raju,et al.  Stenting of the venous outflow in chronic venous disease: long-term stent-related outcome, clinical, and hemodynamic result. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[173]  A G FERGUSSON,et al.  Leg Ulcers: Assessment of Response to Certain Topical Medicaments* , 1961, British medical journal.

[174]  T. Ryan,et al.  Nurse-led education sets out to improve patient concordance and prevent recurrence of leg ulcers. , 2004, Journal of wound care.

[175]  A. Goldman,et al.  Experience with concomitant ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and endovenous laser treatment in chronic venous disorder and its influence on Health Related Quality of Life: interim analysis of more than 1000 consecutive procedures. , 2009, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[176]  I. Chetter,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablation versus conventional surgery for small saphenous varicose veins. , 2013, Annals of surgery.

[177]  A. Paisley,et al.  The effect of superficial venous surgery on generic health-related quality of life. , 2004, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[178]  R. R. Linton.  The post-thrombotic ulceration of the lower extremity: its etiology and surgical treatment. , 1953, Annals of surgery.

[179]  S. Blaise,et al.  Treatment of low-flow vascular malformations by ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy with polidocanol foam: 24 cases and literature review. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[180]  D. Parkin,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of different bandage regimens after foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins , 2010, The British journal of surgery.

[181]  D. Bergqvist,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of routine preoperative duplex imaging before varicose vein surgery , 2005, The British journal of surgery.

[182]  L. Sandvik,et al.  Visualization of deep veins and detection of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with balanced turbo field echo (b‐TFE) and contrast‐enhanced T1 fast field echo (CE‐FFE) using a blood pool agent (BPA) , 2010, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[183]  V. Montori,et al.  A systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatments of varicose veins. , 2011, Journal of vascular surgery.

[184]  J. Raines,et al.  Mechanochemical tumescentless endovenous ablation: final results of the initial clinical trial , 2012, Phlebology.

[185]  G. Geroulakos,et al.  Long-term results of a randomized controlled trial on ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy combined with saphenofemoral ligation vs standard surgery for varicose veins. , 2012, Journal of vascular surgery.

[186]  J. Perälä,et al.  Radiofrequency Endovenous Obliteration versus Stripping of the Long Saphenous Vein in the Management of Primary Varicose Veins: 3-Year Outcome of a Randomized Study , 2005, Annals of vascular surgery.

[187]  P. Allan,et al.  The effect of long saphenous vein stripping on deep venous reflux. , 2004, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[188]  M. Gough,et al.  Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the anterior accessory great saphenous vein (AAGSV): abolition of sapheno-femoral reflux with preservation of the great saphenous vein. , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[189]  Alderman Db.  Surgery and sclerotherapy in the treatment of varicose veins. , 1975 .

[190]  M. Gough,et al.  The clinical significance of below-knee great saphenous vein reflux following endovenous laser ablation of above-knee great saphenous vein , 2009, Phlebology.

[191]  Bo Eklof,et al.  Updated terminology of chronic venous disorders: the VEIN-TERM transatlantic interdisciplinary consensus document. , 2009, Journal of vascular surgery.

[192]  C. Moffatt,et al.  Randomized trial of two foam dressings in the management of chronic venous ulceration , 2007, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[193]  S. Raju,et al.  Unexpected major role for venous stenting in deep reflux disease. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[194]  E. A. Nelson,et al.  Compression for venous leg ulcers. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[195]  G. Moneta,et al.  Venous severity scoring: An adjunct to venous outcome assessment. , 2000, Journal of vascular surgery.

[196]  S. Carmichael,et al.  Surgical anatomy for endoscopic subfascial division of perforating veins. , 1996, Journal of vascular surgery.

[197]  H. Partsch,et al.  Inelastic compression increases venous ejection fraction more than elastic bandages in patients with superficial venous reflux , 2008, Phlebology.

[198]  G. Soares,et al.  Impact of Laser Fiber Design on Outcome of Endovenous Ablation of Lower-Extremity Varicose Veins: Results from a Single Practice , 2011, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[199]  M. Dake,et al.  Iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis: aggressive therapy with catheter-directed thrombolysis. , 1994, Radiology.

[200]  D. Ginat,et al.  Endovascular radiofrequency ablation: a novel treatment of venous insufficiency in Klippel-Trenaunay patients. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[201]  V. Scavee.  Transilluminated powered phlebectomy: not enough advantages? Review of the literature. , 2006, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[202]  S. Salles-Cunha,et al.  Progression of reflux patterns in saphenous veins of women with chronic venous valvular insufficiency , 2012, Phlebology.

[203]  L. Garel,et al.  Soft-tissue venous malformations in pediatric and young adult patients: diagnosis with Doppler US. , 1999, Radiology.

[204]  G. Mowatt,et al.  Systematic review of foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins , 2007, The British journal of surgery.

[205]  P. Allan,et al.  What are the symptoms of varicose veins? Edinburgh vein study cross sectional population survey , 1999, BMJ.

[206]  G. Pillion,et al.  Evaluation of a New Venoactive Micronized Flavonoid Fraction (S 5682) in Symptomatic Disturbances of the Venolymphatic Circulation of the Lower Limb: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study , 1994 .

[207]  J. Buckman,et al.  Transcatheter fibrinolytic therapy and angioplasty for left iliofemoral venous thrombosis. , 1991, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[208]  J. Lohr,et al.  Evaluation of lidocaine as an analgesic when added to hypertonic saline for sclerotherapy. , 1999, Journal of vascular surgery.

[209]  D. Carradice,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of concomitant or sequential phlebectomy after endovenous laser therapy for varicose veins , 2009, The British journal of surgery.

[210]  L. Abenhaim,et al.  Relationship between clinical classification of chronic venous disease and patient-reported quality of life: results from an international cohort study. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[211]  G. Wicks,et al.  Efficacy of two compression systems in the management of VLUs: results of a European RCT. , 2012, Journal of wound care.

[212]  M. Ruggieri,et al.  Parkes Weber Syndrome , 2008 .

[213]  C. Belczak,et al.  Correlation of haemodynamics and ankle mobility with clinical classes of clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological classification in venous disease , 2008, Phlebology.

[214]  Adesegun O. Banjo.  Comparative study of the distribution of venous values in the lower extremities of black Africans and Caucasians: Pathogenetic correlates of prevalence of primary varicose veins in the two races , 1987, The Anatomical record.

[215]  J. Chung,et al.  Combined endovenous laser treatment and ambulatory phlebectomy for the treatment of saphenous vein incompetence , 2008, Phlebology.

[216]  Seong Jin Park,et al.  Diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome using transabdominal and transvaginal sonography. , 2004, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[217]  G. Hauer.  [Endoscopic subfascial discussion of perforating veins--preliminary report]. , 1985, VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten.

[218]  P. Szafranski,et al.  Identification of an angiogenic factor that when mutated causes susceptibility to Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome , 2004, Nature.

[219]  P. Zamboni,et al.  Hemodynamics of the sapheno-femoral junction. Patterns of reflux and their clinical implications. , 2004, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[220]  T. Lees,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of radiofrequency ablation or conventional high ligation and stripping for great saphenous varicose veins , 2010, The British journal of surgery.

[221]  I. Chetter,et al.  Combined endovenous laser therapy and ambulatory phlebectomy: refinement of a new technique. , 2006, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[222]  A. Hingorani,et al.  Iliac-femoral venous stenting for lower extremity venous stasis symptoms. , 2012, Annals of vascular surgery.

[223]  S. Mordon,et al.  Endovenous laser ablation: the role of intraluminal blood. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[224]  R. Mani,et al.  How to Measure Changes in Oedema in Patients with Chronic Venous Ulcers? , 1992 .

[225]  S. Raju,et al.  Intravascular ultrasound scan evaluation of the obstructed vein. , 2002, Journal of vascular surgery.

[226]  E. Rabe,et al.  First results with a new 1470-nm diode laser for endovenous ablation of incompetent saphenous veins , 2009, Phlebology.

[227]  D. McDaniel,et al.  Laser therapy of spider leg veins: clinical evaluation of a new long pulsed alexandrite laser. , 1999, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[228]  Unusual death due to a bleeding from a varicose vein: a case report , 2012, BMC Research Notes.

[229]  D. Herbreteau,et al.  Extensive pure venous malformations in the upper or lower limb: a review of 27 cases. , 1997, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[230]  Cindy Farquhar,et al.  3 The Cochrane Library , 1996 .

[231]  J. Kaufman,et al.  Radiofrequency endovenous ClosureFAST versus laser ablation for the treatment of great saphenous reflux: a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized study (RECOVERY study). , 2009, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[232]  L. Oğuzkurt,et al.  Interruption or congenital stenosis of the inferior vena cava: prevalence, imaging, and clinical findings. , 2007, European journal of radiology.

[233]  I. Chetter,et al.  Endovenous Laser Ablation in the Treatment of Small Saphenous Varicose Veins , 2012, Vascular and endovascular surgery.

[234]  S. Belov.  Classification of congenital vascular defects. , 1990, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[235]  N. B. Meland,et al.  Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: the risks and benefits of vascular interventions. , 1991, Surgery.

[236]  P. Allan,et al.  Lifestyle risk factors for lower limb venous reflux in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. , 2001, International journal of epidemiology.

[237]  E. Stauffer,et al.  Color-flow duplex scanning for the surveillance and diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis. , 1992, Journal of vascular surgery.

[238]  E. Rabe,et al.  Efficacy and safety of great saphenous vein sclerotherapy using standardised polidocanol foam (ESAF): a randomised controlled multicentre clinical trial. , 2008, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[239]  P. Allan,et al.  Chronic venous insufficiency: clinical and duplex correlations. The Edinburgh Vein Study of venous disorders in the general population. , 2002, Journal of vascular surgery.

[240]  E. J. Orbach.  Sclerotherapy of varicose veins , 1944 .

[241]  B. Derubertis,et al.  Classification of proximal endovenous closure levels and treatment algorithm. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[242]  H. Neumann,et al.  Ulcer recurrence after in‐hospital treatment for recalcitrant venous leg ulceration , 2013, The British journal of dermatology.

[243]  K. Delis.  Perforator vein incompetence in chronic venous disease: a multivariate regression analysis model. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[244]  A. Holmberg,et al.  Interobserver variability in the assessment of the clinical severity of superficial venous insufficiency , 2015, Phlebology.

[245]  P. Gloviczki,et al.  Factors affecting outcome of open and hybrid reconstructions for nonmalignant obstruction of iliofemoral veins and inferior vena cava. , 2011, Journal of vascular surgery.

[246]  A. Munasinghe,et al.  Strip‐track revascularization after stripping of the great saphenous vein , 2007, The British journal of surgery.

[247]  M. Stacey,et al.  Variability and reliability of air plethysmographic measurements for the evaluation of chronic venous disease. , 1997, Journal of vascular surgery.

[248]  M. O’Donnell,et al.  Evaluation of a venous-return assist device to treat severe post-thrombotic syndrome (VENOPTS) , 2008, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[249]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Photoplethysmography in the assessment of venous insufficiency. , 1987, Journal of vascular surgery.

[250]  K. Roztočil,et al.  Efficacy of a 6-month treatment with Daflon 500 mg in patients with venous leg ulcers associated with chronic venous insufficiency. , 2003, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[251]  D J Torgerson,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of four‐layer and short‐stretch compression bandages for venous leg ulcers (VenUS I) , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[252]  M. Lepäntalo,et al.  Deep venous reconstructions: long-term outcome in patients with primary or post-thrombotic deep venous incompetence. , 2008, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[253]  R. Bulbulia,et al.  Effect of foam sclerotherapy on healing and long-term recurrence in chronic venous leg ulcers , 2013, Phlebology.

[254]  S Mordon,et al.  Endovenous laser treatment: is there a clinical difference between using a 1500 nm and a 980 nm diode laser? A multicenter randomised clinical trial. , 2011, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[255]  J. Beebe-Dimmer,et al.  The epidemiology of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. , 2005, Annals of epidemiology.

[256]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Recurrent varicose veins: investigation of the pattern and extent of reflux with color flow duplex scanning. , 1996, Surgery.

[257]  F. Fowkes,et al.  Epidemiology of chronic venous disease , 2008, Phlebology.

[258]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  External Femoral Vein Valvuloplasty with Limited Anterior Plication (LAP): A 10-Year Randomized, Follow-up Study , 1999, Angiology.

[259]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  In situ hemodynamics of perforating veins in chronic venous insufficiency. , 2001, Journal of vascular surgery.

[260]  W. Harmsen,et al.  Surgical reconstruction of iliofemoral veins and the inferior vena cava for nonmalignant occlusive disease. , 2001, Journal of vascular surgery.

[261]  B. Eklof,et al.  Randomized trial comparing endovenous laser ablation of the great saphenous vein with high ligation and stripping in patients with varicose veins: short-term results. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[262]  M. Landthaler,et al.  Indocyanine green‐augmented diode laser therapy of telangiectatic leg veins: A randomized controlled proof‐of‐concept trial , 2012, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine.

[263]  B. Rea,et al.  Méthode asval (Ablation Selective des Varices sous Anesthésie Locale) : Principes et résultats préliminaires , 2005 .

[264]  K. Lauwers,et al.  Chronic venous insufficiency in patients with absence of the inferior vena cava. , 2013, Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders.

[265]  B. Satger,et al.  Acceptability and practicability of elastic compression stockings in the elderly: a randomized controlled evaluation , 2011, Phlebology.

[266]  P. Zamboni,et al.  Minimally invasive surgical management of primary venous ulcers vs. compression treatment: a randomized clinical trial. , 2003, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[267]  A. Fronek,et al.  Anatomy and pathophysiology of varicose veins. , 1989, The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology.

[268]  S. Salles-Cunha,et al.  Patterns of saphenous reflux in women with primary varicose veins. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[269]  C. Wittens,et al.  Varisolve® polidocanol microfoam compared with surgery or sclerotherapy in the management of varicose veins in the presence of trunk vein incompetence: European randomized controlled trial , 2006 .

[270]  J. Earnshaw,et al.  Stripping the long saphenous vein reduces the rate of reoperation for recurrent varicose veins: five-year results of a randomized trial. , 1999, Journal of vascular surgery.

[271]  B. Kahle,et al.  Efficacy of Sclerotherapy in Varicose Veins—A Prospective, Blinded, Placebo‐Controlled Study , 2004, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[272]  F. Lurie,et al.  Does surgical correction of the superficial femoral vein valve change the course of varicose disease? , 2001, Journal of vascular surgery.

[273]  Gregory T. Jones,et al.  Neovascularization and recurrent varicose veins: more histologic and ultrasound evidence. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[274]  P. Antignani,et al.  Recurrent varicose veins following surgical treatment: our experience with five years follow-up. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[275]  J. Stoner,et al.  Efficacy and safety of endovenous foam sclerotherapy: meta-analysis for treatment of venous disorders , 2012, Phlebology.

[276]  B. Golomb,et al.  Chronic venous disease in an ethnically diverse population: the San Diego Population Study. , 2003, American journal of epidemiology.

[277]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Veno-active drugs in the management of chronic venous disease. An international consensus statement: current medical position, prospective views and final resolution. , 2005, Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation.

[278]  Jukka Perälä,et al.  Endovenous obliteration versus conventional stripping operation in the treatment of primary varicose veins: a randomized controlled trial with comparison of the costs. , 2002, Journal of vascular surgery.

[279]  A. Bockelbrink,et al.  Radiofrequency obliteration, invagination or cryostripping: Which is the best tolerated treatment by the patients? , 2005 .

[280]  M. Perrin,et al.  Reconstructive surgery for deep vein reflux in the lower limbs: techniques, results and indications. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[281]  T. Luebke,et al.  Systematic review and meta-analysis of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration, endovenous laser therapy, and foam sclerotherapy for primary varicosis. , 2008, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[282]  D. Creton.  Diameter reduction of the proximal long saphenous vein after ablation of a distal incompetent tributary. , 1999, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[283]  M. Hanif,et al.  Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome: a case report with brief review of literature. , 2010, Journal of dermatological case reports.

[284]  W. Marston,et al.  Powered Phlebectomy (TriVexTM) in Treatment of Varicose Veins , 2002, Annals of vascular surgery.

[285]  C. Beverley,et al.  Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins. , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[286]  G. Chaudry,et al.  The use of endovenous laser treatment in toddlers. , 2013, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[287]  S. Ruehm,et al.  Pelvic and lower extremity veins: contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR venography with a dedicated vascular coil-initial experience. , 2000, Radiology.

[288]  J. Deweese,et al.  Venous and lymphatic disease: a historical review , 2008 .

[289]  J. Jamart,et al.  Hook phlebectomy versus transilluminated powered phlebectomy for varicose vein surgery: early results. , 2003, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[290]  D. Dellagrammaticas,et al.  Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation with surgery for the treatment of primary great saphenous varicose veins , 2008, The British journal of surgery.

[291]  N. Browse,et al.  The Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome: Clinical, radiological and haemodynamic features and management , 1985, The British journal of surgery.

[292]  W. Schimetta,et al.  High ligation combined with stripping and endovenous laser ablation of the great saphenous vein: early results of a randomized controlled study. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[293]  A. Shamiyeh,et al.  Transilluminated Powered Phlebectomy: Advantages and Disadvantages of a New Technique , 2003, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[294]  S. Raju,et al.  Endovascular surgery in the treatment of chronic primary and post-thrombotic iliac vein obstruction. , 2000, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[295]  Joann M Lohr,et al.  Selected Phlebology Abstracts , 2011, Journal of vascular surgery.

[296]  M. Perrin,et al.  Results of Valvuloplasty in Patients Presenting Deep Venous Insufficiency and Recurring Ulceration , 1999, Annals of vascular surgery.

[297]  J. Bergan,et al.  Surgery of the veins , 1985 .

[298]  H. Partsch,et al.  Nomenclature of the veins of the lower limbs: an international interdisciplinary consensus statement. , 2002, Journal of vascular surgery.

[299]  E. Decullier,et al.  Great saphenous vein ablation with steam injection: results of a multicentre study. , 2013, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[300]  J. Sundquist,et al.  Family history and risk of hospital treatment for varicose veins in Sweden , 2012, The British journal of surgery.

[301]  P. Redondo,et al.  Malformaciones vasculares (I). Concepto, clasificación, fisiopatogenia y manifestaciones clínicas , 2007 .

[302]  N. Frings,et al.  Reduction of neoreflux after correctly performed ligation of the saphenofemoral junction. A randomized trial. , 2004, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[303]  S. Mordon,et al.  Endovenous laser ablation of the great saphenous vein using a bare fibre versus a tulip fibre: a randomised clinical trial. , 2012, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[304]  M. Stacey,et al.  The influence of dressings on venous ulcer healing--a randomised trial. , 1997, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[305]  Zuo-Jun Hu,et al.  Effect of external valvuloplasty of the deep vein in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremity. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[306]  G. Geroulakos,et al.  Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy combined with sapheno-femoral ligation compared to surgical treatment of varicose veins: early results of a randomised controlled trial. , 2006, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[307]  R. Vernooij,et al.  Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency. , 2016, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[308]  A. Kokkosis,et al.  The distribution and significance of varicosities in the saphenous trunks. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[309]  M. Berthiaume,et al.  Soft-tissue venous malformations in adult patients: imaging and therapeutic issues. , 2001, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[310]  P. V. Van Schil,et al.  Closure of the cribriform fascia: an efficient anatomical barrier against postoperative neovascularisation at the saphenofemoral junction? A prospective study. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[311]  F. Moll,et al.  Five‐year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation with cryostripping for great saphenous varicose veins , 2011, The British journal of surgery.

[312]  M. L. del Río Solá,et al.  Influence of aspirin therapy in the ulcer associated with chronic venous insufficiency. , 2012, Annals of vascular surgery.

[313]  I. Nordon,et al.  A Prospective Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Radiofrequency Versus Laser Treatment of the Great Saphenous Vein in Patients With Varicose Veins , 2011, Annals of surgery.

[314]  P. Pittaluga,et al.  Patterns of reflux in the great saphenous vein system , 2013, Phlebology.

[315]  R. Muller.  [Treatment of varicose veins by ambulatory phlebectomy]. , 1966, Phlebologie.

[316]  A. B. Hertzman.  Photoelectric Plethysmography of the Fingers and Toes in Man , 1937 .

[317]  O. Petrini,et al.  Chronic venous insufficiency in Italy: the 24-cities cohort study. , 2005, European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery.

[318]  P. Zamboni,et al.  Hemodynamics of the sapheno-femoral complex: an operational diagnosis of proximal femoral valve function. , 2006, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[319]  P. Gloviczki,et al.  Extension of saphenous thrombus into the femoral vein: a potential complication of new endovenous ablation techniques. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[320]  A. Davies,et al.  Neurological complications of sclerotherapy for varicose veins. , 2012, Journal of vascular surgery.

[321]  J. Bonerandi,et al.  [Surgical consideration of the moderately incontinent internal saphenous junctions using the "siphon effect" in varicose patients]. , 1993, Phlebologie.

[322]  Mitchel P Goldman,et al.  Intravascular 1320‐nm Laser Closure of the Great Saphenous Vein: A 6‐ to 12‐Month Follow‐up Study , 2004, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[323]  Gregory T. Jones,et al.  Mechanical Inhibition of Angiogenesis at the Saphenofemoral Junction in the Surgical Treatment of Varicose Veins: Early Results of a Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial , 2008, Circulation.

[324]  S. Taheri,et al.  Five years' experience with vein valve transplant , 1986, World Journal of Surgery.

[325]  M. Gough,et al.  Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) to treat recurrent varicose veins. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[326]  P. Kitslaar,et al.  Randomized trial of stripping versus high ligation combined with sclerotherapy in the treatment of the incompetent greater saphenous vein. , 1994, American journal of surgery.

[327]  Husni Ea.  In situ saphenopopliteal bypass graft for incompetence of the femoral and popliteal veins. , 1970 .

[328]  M P Goldman,et al.  The role of lasers and light sources in the treatment of leg veins. , 1999, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[329]  E. Stranden,et al.  Venous valve reconstruction in patients with secondary chronic venous insufficiency. , 2008, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[330]  R. Goel,et al.  Surgery for deep venous incompetence. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[331]  A. Williams.  EuroQol : a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life , 1990 .

[332]  I. Bourne.  Vertical Leg Drainage of Odema in Treatment of Leg Ulcers , 1974, British medical journal.

[333]  L. Norgren,et al.  Foot-volumetry, a new method for objective assessment of edema and venous function. , 1973, VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten.

[334]  Sottiurai Vs.  Surgical correction of recurrent venous ulcer. , 1991 .

[335]  A. Davies,et al.  Evaluating and improving health-related quality of life in patients with varicose veins. , 1999, Journal of vascular surgery.

[336]  S. Raju,et al.  Diagnosis and treatment of venous lymphedema. , 2012, Journal of vascular surgery.

[337]  A. Davies,et al.  A Study of Patient Satisfaction Following Endothermal Ablation for Varicose Veins , 2010, Vascular and endovascular surgery.

[338]  M. Walker,et al.  Intermittent pneumatic compression as an adjuvant therapy in venous ulcer disease. , 2002, Journal of tissue viability.

[339]  F. Lurie,et al.  Prospective randomised study of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration (closure) versus ligation and vein stripping (EVOLVeS): two-year follow-up. , 2005, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[340]  G. Steinberg,et al.  Arteriovenous Malformations , 1991 .

[341]  J. Buckingham,et al.  Towards measurement of outcome for patients with varicose veins. , 1993, Quality in health care : QHC.

[342]  B. Eklof,et al.  Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation, foam sclerotherapy and surgical stripping for great saphenous varicose veins , 2011, The British journal of surgery.

[343]  P. Ohlin,et al.  Congenital vein valve aplasia , 1986, World Journal of Surgery.

[344]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Investigation of chronic venous insufficiency: A consensus statement (France, March 5-9, 1997). , 2000, Circulation.

[345]  J T Hobbs,et al.  Surgery and sclerotherapy in the treatment of varicose veins. A random trial. , 1974, Archives of surgery.

[346]  S. Salles-Cunha,et al.  Does the number of pregnancies affect patterns of great saphenous vein reflux in women with varicose veins? , 2010, Phlebology.

[347]  R. Polignano,et al.  A randomised controlled study of four-layer compression versus Unna's Boot for venous ulcers. , 2004, Journal of wound care.

[348]  C. McCollum,et al.  Management of venous leg ulcers , 2004, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[349]  F. Allaert,et al.  Immediate and Midterm Complications of Sclerotherapy: Report of a Prospective Multicenter Registry of 12,173 Sclerotherapy Sessions , 2005, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[350]  M. Maeseneer.  The Role of Postoperative Neovascularisation in Recurrence of Varicose Veins: from Historical Background to Today’s Evidence , 2004 .

[351]  F. Rosendaal,et al.  Evaluating chronic venous disease with a new venous severity scoring system. , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[352]  M. Callam,et al.  Epidemiology of varicose veins , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[353]  J. Schuler,et al.  Treatment of Chronic Venous Ulcers Using Sequential Gradient Intermittent Pneumatic Compression , 1996 .

[354]  P. Pittaluga,et al.  Evaluation of the pain in varicose vein surgery under tumescent local anaesthesia using sodium bicarbonate as excipient without any intravenous sedation , 2012, Phlebology.

[355]  O. Pichot,et al.  Long-term outcomes of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration of saphenous reflux as a treatment for superficial venous insufficiency. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[356]  S. Umar,et al.  A Side‐by‐Side Comparative Study of 1064 nm Nd: YAG, 810 nm Diode and 755 nm Alexandrite Lasers for Treatment of 0˙3–3 mm Leg Veins , 2002, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[357]  C. Evans,et al.  Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. , 1999, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[358]  F. Villa,et al.  Great saphenous vein surgery without high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction. , 2013, Journal of vascular surgery.

[359]  L. Abenhaim,et al.  The VEINES Study (VEnous INsufficiency Epidemiologic and Economic Study): An International Cohort Study on Chronic Venous Disorders of the Leg , 1997, Angiology.

[360]  F. Moll,et al.  Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser with cryostripping for great saphenous varicose veins , 2008, The British journal of surgery.

[361]  V. Miller,et al.  In vitro evaluation of endothelial and smooth muscle function of primary varicose veins. , 1992, Journal of vascular surgery.

[362]  D. Radak,et al.  Comparison of sclerotherapy, laser, and radiowave coagulation in treatment of lower extremity telangiectasias , 2012, Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy : official publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology.

[363]  J. Guilhou,et al.  Efficacy of Daflon 500 mg in Venous Leg Ulcer Healing: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Versus Placebo Trial in 107 Patients , 1997, Angiology.

[364]  Y. Choi,et al.  Endovenous lasering versus ambulatory phlebectomy of varicose tributaries in conjunction with endovenous laser treatment of the great or small saphenous vein. , 2009, Annals of vascular surgery.

[365]  Khaled Helmy ElKaffas,et al.  Great Saphenous Vein Radiofrequency Ablation Versus Standard Stripping in the Management of Primary Varicose Veins-A Randomized Clinical Trial , 2011, Angiology.

[366]  B. Price,et al.  Haemorrhoids are associated with internal iliac vein reflux in up to one-third of women presenting with varicose veins associated with pelvic vein reflux , 2015, Phlebology.

[367]  T. Alster,et al.  Clinical Comparison of Sclerotherapy Versus Long‐Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Treatment for Lower Extremity Telangiectases , 2002, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[368]  E. Rabe,et al.  Endovenous laser ablation of great saphenous veins using a 1470 nm diode laser and the radial fibre – follow-up after six months , 2011, Phlebology.

[369]  M. Martínez-Zapata,et al.  CHIVA method for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[370]  E. Wilkinson,et al.  Does oral zinc aid the healing of chronic leg ulcers? A systematic literature review. , 1998, Archives of dermatology.

[371]  K. Myers.  Classification and Grading of Chronic Venous Disease in the Lower Limbs , 1996, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[372]  Thomas Zeller,et al.  Endovenous laser ablation of varicose veins with the 1470-nm diode laser. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[373]  K. Damevska,et al.  Evaluation of two different intermittent pneumatic compression cycle settings in the healing of venous ulcers: a randomized trial. , 2005, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[374]  J. López-Gutiérrez,et al.  Diagnosis and treatment of Parkes Weber syndrome: a review of 10 consecutive patients. , 2013, Annals of vascular surgery.

[375]  M. V. van’t Hof,et al.  Venous duplex scanning of the leg: range, variability and reproducibility. , 1999, Clinical science.

[376]  T. Lane,et al.  The burden of depression in patients with symptomatic varicose veins. , 2012, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[377]  Teerachai Ukritmanoroat.  Comparison of efficacy and safety between foam sclerotherapy and conventional sclerotherapy: a controlled clinical trial. , 2011, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet.

[378]  P. Kaudewitz,et al.  Effective Treatment of Leg Vein Telangiectasia with a New 940 nm Diode Laser , 2001, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[379]  M. Molan,et al.  A comparison of colour duplex ultrasound with venography and varicography in the assessment of varicose veins. , 1995, Clinical radiology.

[380]  A. Cavezzi,et al.  Treatment of Varicose Veins by Foam Sclerotherapy: Two Clinical Series , 2002 .

[381]  W B Campbell,et al.  Randomised clinical trial, observational study and assessment of cost-effectiveness of the treatment of varicose veins (REACTIV trial). , 2006, Health technology assessment.

[382]  A. Ahmed,et al.  Some thoughts on the aetiology of varicose veins. , 1986, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[383]  G. Moneta,et al.  Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[384]  P. Tucker,et al.  Implantation of cryopreserved allograft pulmonary monocusp patch to treat nonthrombotic femoral vein incompetence. , 2002, Texas Heart Institute journal.

[385]  C. Laurian,et al.  Coagulation abnormalities associated with extensive venous malformations of the limbs: differentiation from Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. , 2002, Clinical and laboratory haematology.

[386]  M. Fernö,et al.  Estrogen and progesterone receptors in vessel walls: Biochemical and immunochemical assays , 1993, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[387]  H Partsch,et al.  Compression stockings with a negative pressure gradient have a more pronounced effect on venous pumping function than graduated elastic compression stockings. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[388]  E. Rabe,et al.  The Relevance of the Natural History of Varicose Veins and Refunded Care , 2012, Phlebology.

[389]  N. Sadick,et al.  Combined endovascular laser plus ambulatory phlebectomy for the treatment of superficial venous incompetence: A 4‐year perspective , 2004, Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy : official publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology.

[390]  F. Brunelle,et al.  Classification of venous malformations in children and implications for sclerotherapy , 2003, Pediatric Radiology.

[391]  C. McCollum,et al.  Sustained compression and healing of chronic venous ulcers. , 1988, BMJ.

[392]  E. A. Nelson,et al.  A factorial, randomized trial of pentoxifylline or placebo, four-layer or single-layer compression, and knitted viscose or hydrocolloid dressings for venous ulcers. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[393]  R. Hinchliffe,et al.  A prospective randomised controlled trial of VNUS closure versus surgery for the treatment of recurrent long saphenous varicose veins. , 2006, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[394]  K. Harding,et al.  A randomised controlled 8‐week crossover clinical evaluation of the 3M™ Coban™ 2 Layer Compression System versus Profore™ to evaluate the product performance in patients with venous leg ulcers , 2008, International wound journal.

[395]  J. Mulliken,et al.  Parkes Weber syndrome, vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation, and other fast‐flow vascular anomalies are caused by RASA1 mutations , 2008, Human mutation.

[396]  J. Glowacki,et al.  Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations in Infants and Children: A Classification Based on Endothelial Characteristics , 1982, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[397]  B. Lindblad,et al.  Catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy treatment of saphenous vein incompetence. , 2012, VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten.

[398]  M. Passman.  Transilluminated Powered Phlebectomy in the Treatment of Varicose Veins , 2007, Vascular.

[399]  L. Pryor,et al.  Definition of venous reflux in lower-extremity veins. , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[400]  M. Breitenseher,et al.  Preoperative imaging of lower extremity varicose veins: color coded duplex sonography or venography. , 1996, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[401]  M. Lawaetz,et al.  Randomised clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation with stripping of the great saphenous vein: clinical outcome and recurrence after 2 years. , 2010, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[402]  T. Luukkaala,et al.  The effects of parity, oral contraceptive use and hormone replacement therapy on the incidence of varicose veins , 2006, Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.

[403]  F. Miranda,et al.  Results of surgical treatment compared with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in patients with varicose veins: a prospective randomised study. , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[404]  A. Bradbury,et al.  Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is a safe and clinically effective treatment for superficial venous reflux. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[405]  I. Chetter,et al.  Comparing the treatment response of great saphenous and small saphenous vein incompetence following surgery and endovenous laser ablation: a retrospective cohort study , 2012, Phlebology.

[406]  K. Jaeger,et al.  Calcium dobesilate in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial , 2011, Phlebology.

[407]  S. Bell-Syer,et al.  Flavonoids for treating venous leg ulcers. , 2013, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[408]  P. Zamboni,et al.  Varicose vein stripping vs haemodynamic correction (CHIVA): a long term randomised trial. , 2008, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[409]  A. V. Van rij,et al.  Incidence of deep vein thrombosis after varicose vein surgery , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[410]  A. Browne,et al.  Prospective five-year study of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in the treatment of great saphenous vein reflux , 2009, Phlebology.

[411]  D. Bergqvist,et al.  Late follow‐up of a randomized trial of routine duplex imaging before varicose vein surgery , 2011, The British journal of surgery.

[412]  F. Berrino,et al.  Varicose veins of the lower limbs and venous capacitance in postmenopausal women: relationship with obesity. , 2002, Journal of vascular surgery.

[413]  A. Lubetsky,et al.  Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava revealed on CT in patients with deep vein thrombosis. , 2003, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[414]  F. Allaert,et al.  Intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of the Recurrent Varicose Veins after Surgery (REVAS) classification. , 2006, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[415]  Mark Stevenson,et al.  Randomized controlled trial and cost‐effectiveness analysis of silver‐donating antimicrobial dressings for venous leg ulcers (VULCAN trial) , 2009, The British journal of surgery.

[416]  A. AbuRahma,et al.  Clinical, hemodynamic, and anatomic predictors of long-term outcome of lower extremity venovenous bypasses. , 1991, Journal of vascular surgery.

[417]  T. Nijsten,et al.  Validation of the chronic venous insufficiency quality of life questionnaire in Dutch patients treated for varicose veins. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[418]  J. Sebus,et al.  THE SIMIAN CREASE. , 1964, Lancet.

[419]  U. Kramer,et al.  Current concepts in the classification, diagnosis and treatment of vascular anomalies. , 2010, European journal of radiology.

[420]  B. Eklof,et al.  The Influence of Obesity on Chronic Venous Disease , 2002, Vascular and endovascular surgery.

[421]  R. Launois,et al.  Construction and validation of a quality of life questionnaire in Chronic Lower Limb Venous Insufficiency (CIVIQ) , 1996, Quality of Life Research.

[422]  D. Hunter,et al.  Venous recanalization by metallic stents after failure of balloon angioplasty or surgery: Four-year experience , 1996, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[423]  P. Pittaluga,et al.  Retrospective evaluation of the need of a redo surgery at the groin for the surgical treatment of varicose vein. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[424]  C. Wittens,et al.  A Novel Scoring System for Lower-extremity Venous Pathology Analysed Using Magnetic Resonance Venography and Duplex Ultrasound , 2012, Phlebology.

[425]  Marlene C. W. Stewart,et al.  Compression stockings for the initial treatment of varicose veins in patients without venous ulceration. , 2013, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[426]  C. Bone.  Tratamiento endoluminal de las varices con laser de Diodo. Estudio preliminar , 1999 .

[427]  Keeman Jn,et al.  [Physical examination--tourniquet tests for varicose veins]. , 2000 .

[428]  R. Britto,et al.  Relationship between quality of life and the CEAP clinical classification in chronic venous disease. , 2010, Revista brasileira de fisioterapia (Sao Carlos (Sao Paulo, Brazil)).

[429]  Arkadiusz Jawień,et al.  Prevalence of chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in Poland: multicentre cross-sectional study in 40,095 patients , 2003 .

[430]  R. Launois,et al.  International psychometric validation of the Chronic Venous Disease quality of life Questionnaire (CIVIQ-20). , 2010, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[431]  G. Belcaro,et al.  Validation of the new venous severity scoring system in varicose vein surgery. , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[432]  M. Cohen Jr.,et al.  Vascular update: morphogenesis, tumors, malformations, and molecular dimensions. , 2006, American journal of medical genetics. Part A.

[433]  A-A Ramelet,et al.  Phlebectomy. Technique, indications and complications. , 2002, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[434]  P Barthelemy,et al.  Venous pump of the calf: a study of venous and muscular pressures. , 1994, Journal of vascular surgery.

[435]  S. Nicholls,et al.  Chronic venous insufficiency: clinical assessment and patient selection. , 2005, Seminars in interventional radiology.

[436]  M L Young,et al.  The value of air plethysmography in predicting clinical outcome after surgical treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. , 2000, Journal of vascular surgery.

[437]  J. Olivencia.  Minimally invasive vein surgery: ambulatory phlebectomy. , 2003, Techniques in vascular and interventional radiology.

[438]  D. Driscoll,et al.  Evaluation and Management of Pain in Patients with Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome: A Review , 2005, Pediatrics.

[439]  D. Mühlberger,et al.  An anatomical study of femoral vein valves near the saphenofemoral junction. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[440]  W. Marston,et al.  Revision of the venous clinical severity score: venous outcomes consensus statement: special communication of the American Venous Forum Ad Hoc Outcomes Working Group. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[441]  S. Ricci.  Ambulatory Phlebectomy Principles and Evolution of the Method , 1998, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[442]  D. Nichols,et al.  Whole-leg duplex mapping for varicose veins: observations on patterns of reflux in recurrent and primary legs, with clinical correlation. , 2003, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[443]  C. Alexander.  THE THEORETICAL BASIS OF VARICOSE VEIN FORMATION , 1972, The Medical journal of Australia.

[444]  K. Burnand,et al.  Comparison of venous reflux assessed by duplex scanning and descending phlebography in chronic venous disease , 1993, The Lancet.

[445]  M. Whiteley,et al.  Pelvic vein reflux in female patients with varicose veins: comparison of incidence between a specialist private vein clinic and the vascular department of a National Health Service district general hospital , 2009, Phlebology.

[446]  D. E. Strandness,et al.  The site of residual abnormalities in the leg veins in long-term follow-up after deep vein thrombosis and their relationship to the development of the post-thrombotic syndrome. , 1996, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[447]  J. Bergan,et al.  The Vein Book , 2014 .

[448]  K. Jöckel,et al.  Lassen sich geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei Venenerkrankungen durch Schwangerschaften und Hormoneinnahme erklären , 2004 .

[449]  E. Ernst,et al.  Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. , 1999, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[450]  C. Dirksen,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of ultrasound‐guided foam sclerotherapy versus surgery for the incompetent great saphenous vein , 2012, The British journal of surgery.

[451]  D. Driscoll,et al.  Klippel–Trenaunay Syndrome: Current Management , 2007, Phlebology.

[452]  Jonathan A Michaels,et al.  Varicose veins: a qualitative study to explore expectations and reasons for seeking treatment. , 2004, Journal of clinical nursing.

[453]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Where does venous reflux start? , 1997, Journal of vascular surgery.

[454]  E. Rabe,et al.  Epidemiology of chronic venous disorders in geographically diverse populations: results from the Vein Consult Program. , 2012, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[455]  K. Wayne Johnston,et al.  Rutherford's vascular surgery / , 2014 .

[456]  J. Bosson,et al.  Duplex imaging analysis of the long saphenous vein reflux: basis for strategy of endovenous obliteration treatment. , 2002, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[457]  B. Eklof,et al.  The temporary arteriovenous fistula in venous reconstructive surgery. , 1985, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[458]  G. Geroulakos,et al.  Effectiveness and Safety of Ultrasound-Guided Foam Sclerotherapy for Recurrent Varicose Veins: Immediate Results , 2006, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[459]  A. Davies,et al.  Venous Hypoxia: A Poorly Studied Etiological Factor of Varicose Veins , 2010, Journal of Vascular Research.

[460]  M. S. Cohn,et al.  Ambulatory Phlebectomy Using the Tumescent Technique for Local Anesthesia , 1995, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[461]  Wan Ariffin Bin Abdullah.  Singapore Med J , 1993 .

[462]  S. Schroter,et al.  Evaluation of outcomes in chronic venous disorders of the leg: development of a scientifically rigorous, patient-reported measure of symptoms and quality of life. , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[463]  J. Caprini,et al.  Validation of Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) with other venous severity assessment tools from the American Venous Forum, National Venous Screening Program. , 2011, Journal of vascular surgery.

[464]  C. Wittens,et al.  Transilluminated powered phlebectomy accomplished by local tumescent anaesthesia in the treatment of tributary varicose veins: preliminary clinical results , 2007, Phlebology.

[465]  F. Allaert,et al.  Evaluation of the Efficacy of Polidocanol in the Form of Foam Compared With Liquid Form in Sclerotherapy of the Greater Saphenous Vein: Initial Results , 2003, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[466]  M. Leach,et al.  Clinical efficacy of horsechestnut seed extract in the treatment of venous ulceration. , 2006, Journal of wound care.

[467]  Y. Vergouwe,et al.  The effect of single phlebectomies of a large varicose tributary on great saphenous vein reflux. , 2014, Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders.

[468]  A. Turk,et al.  Diagnostic Imaging of Vascular Anomalies , 2012, Facial Plastic Surgery.

[469]  A L Dannenberg,et al.  The epidemiology of varicose veins: the Framingham Study. , 1988, American journal of preventive medicine.

[470]  C. Arnoldi.  Venous pressure in the leg of healthy human subjects at rest and during muscular exercise in the nearly erect position. , 1965, Acta chirurgica Scandinavica.

[471]  P. Pappas,et al.  Criteria for defining significant central vein stenosis with duplex ultrasound. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[472]  S. Ibrahim,et al.  Gigantism of the lower limb in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: anatomy of the lateral marginal vein. , 2009, Singapore medical journal.

[473]  J. Ludbrook.  The musculovenous pumps of the human lower limb. , 1966, American heart journal.

[474]  H. Büller,et al.  Detection of deep-vein thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography. , 1989, The New England journal of medicine.

[475]  Craig Nesbitt,et al.  Endovenous ablation (radiofrequency and laser) and foam sclerotherapy versus open surgery for great saphenous vein varices. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[476]  F. Allaert,et al.  Efficacy of polidocanol foam versus liquid in sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein: a multicentre randomised controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up. , 2008, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[477]  R. McBane,et al.  Outcomes of venoplasty with stent placement for chronic thrombosis of the iliac and femoral veins: single-center experience. , 2012, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[478]  G. Schmid-Schönbein,et al.  Hypertension-induced venous valve remodeling. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[479]  K. Jöckel,et al.  Distribution and prevalence of reflux in the superficial and deep venous system in the general population--results from the Bonn Vein Study, Germany. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[480]  M. Gough,et al.  Neovascularisation and recurrence 2 years after varicose vein treatment for sapheno-femoral and great saphenous vein reflux: a comparison of surgery and endovenous laser ablation. , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[481]  P. Gishen,et al.  Variations in lower limb venous anatomy: implications for US diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. , 2003, Radiology.

[482]  L. Oğuzkurt,et al.  Iliac vein compression syndrome: outcome of endovascular treatment with long-term follow-up. , 2008, European journal of radiology.

[483]  E. A. Nelson,et al.  Intermittent pneumatic compression for treating venous leg ulcers. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[484]  A. Bass,et al.  Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in patients with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. , 2007, The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ.

[485]  L. Collins,et al.  Diagnosis and treatment of venous ulcers. , 2010, American family physician.

[486]  R. Oostendorp,et al.  The Lively Legs self-management programme increased physical activity and reduced wound days in leg ulcer patients: Results from a randomized controlled trial. , 2012, International journal of nursing studies.

[487]  E. A. Nelson,et al.  Prevention of recurrence of venous ulceration: randomized controlled trial of class 2 and class 3 elastic compression. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[488]  P. Shouler,et al.  Varicose veins: optimum compression after surgery and sclerotherapy. , 1989, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[489]  S. Raju,et al.  Transcommissural valvuloplasty: technique and results. , 2000, Journal of vascular surgery.

[490]  K. Parsi,et al.  Complications of Foam Sclerotherapy , 2012, Phlebology.

[491]  A. Davies,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of VNUS® ClosureFAST™ radiofrequency ablation versus laser for varicose veins , 2010 .

[492]  J. Scurr,et al.  Saphenous vein reflux without incompetence at the saphenofemoral junction , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[493]  E. Stranden.  Edema in venous insufficiency , 2011 .

[494]  W. H. Hoffmann,et al.  Value of the Trendelenburg tourniquet test in the assessment of primary varicose veins , 2004 .

[495]  P. V. Van Schil,et al.  Accuracy of duplex evaluation one year after varicose vein surgery to predict recurrence at the sapheno-femoral junction after five years. , 2005, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[496]  T. Nishioka,et al.  Reflux in the left ovarian vein: analysis of MDCT findings in asymptomatic women. , 2004, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[497]  R. Tripathi,et al.  Deep venous valve reconstruction for non‐healing leg ulcers: Techniques and results , 2004, ANZ journal of surgery.

[498]  R. Lane,et al.  Intermediate to long‐term results of repairing incompetent multiple deep venous valves using external valvular stenting , 2003, ANZ journal of surgery.

[499]  W. Hop,et al.  Conservative versus surgical treatment of venous leg ulcers: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[500]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Prevalence and distribution of incompetent perforating veins in chronic venous insufficiency. , 1998, Journal of vascular surgery.

[501]  M. Cairols-Castellote,et al.  Estudio comparativo de dos técnicas quirúrgicas en el tratamiento de las varices de las extremidades inferiores: resultados tras cinco años de seguimiento , 2006 .

[502]  D. Bergqvist,et al.  Leg ulcer etiology--a cross sectional population study. , 1991, Journal of vascular surgery.

[503]  A. Gasparis,et al.  Secondary chronic venous disease progresses faster than primary. , 2009, Journal of vascular surgery.

[504]  B. Lal,et al.  Does severe venous insufficiency have a different etiology in the morbidly obese? Is it venous? , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[505]  J. Scurr,et al.  Effect of leg elevation on the skin microcirculation in chronic venous insufficiency. , 1994, Journal of vascular surgery.

[506]  McCulloch Jm,et al.  Intermittent pneumatic compression improves venous ulcer healing. , 1994 .

[507]  R. Martini,et al.  Effects of elastic stocking on quality of life of patients with chronic venous insufficiency. An Italian pilot study on Triveneto Region. , 2005, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[508]  E. Audenaert,et al.  Endovenous laser obliteration for the treatment of primary varicose veins , 2006 .

[509]  Comparison of Endovenous Treatment with an 810 nm Laser versus Conventional Stripping of the Great Saphenous Vein in Patients with Primary Varicose Veins , 2005, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[510]  D. Driscoll,et al.  Surgical treatment of venous malformations in Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome. , 2000, Journal of vascular surgery.

[511]  Jian-ping Gu,et al.  Endovascular Treatment for Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome: a Comparison between the Presence and Absence of Secondary Thrombosis , 2009, Korean journal of radiology.

[512]  R. Hobson,et al.  The significance of calf muscle pump function in venous ulceration. , 1994, Journal of vascular surgery.

[513]  J. P. Vries,et al.  Endovenous Mechanochemical Ablation of Great Saphenous Vein Incompetence Using the ClariVein Device: A Safety Study , 2011, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[514]  R. Depalma,et al.  Target selection for surgical intervention in severe chronic venous insufficiency: comparison of duplex scanning and phlebography. , 2000, Journal of vascular surgery.

[515]  A. Sommer,et al.  Surgery and endovenous techniques for the treatment of small saphenous varicose veins: a review of the literature , 2011, Phlebology.

[516]  A. Caggiati,et al.  Regarding "fact and fiction surrounding the discovery of the venous valves". , 2001, Journal of vascular surgery.

[517]  D. Hayoz,et al.  Compression after sclerotherapy for telangiectasias and reticular leg veins: a randomized controlled study. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[518]  E. A. Nelson,et al.  Prevalence of Lower-Limb Ulceration: A Systematic Review of Prevalence Studies , 2003, Advances in skin & wound care.

[519]  H. Maxwell,et al.  Sclerotherapy for lower limb telangiectasias. , 2011, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[520]  I. Stewart,et al.  A home‐based progressive resistance exercise programme for patients with venous leg ulcers: a feasibility study , 2013, International wound journal.

[521]  K. Delis,et al.  Clinical and hemodynamic significance of the greater saphenous vein diameter in chronic venous insufficiency. , 2002, Archives of surgery.

[522]  A. Bradbury,et al.  Generic health-related quality of life is significantly worse in varicose vein patients with lower limb symptoms independent of CEAP clinical grade. , 2012, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[523]  J. Salenius,et al.  Endovascular treatment of venous malformations in extremities: results of sclerotherapy and the quality of life after treatment , 2004, Acta radiologica.

[524]  M. Stacey,et al.  Effect of exercise on calf muscle pump function in patients with chronic venous disease , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[525]  M. Hirai,et al.  Prevalence and Risk Factors of Varicose Veins in Japanese Women , 1990, Angiology.

[526]  A. Caggiati,et al.  Age-related variations of varicose veins anatomy. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[527]  N. Nwaejike,et al.  Endovenous laser ablation for the treatment of recurrent varicose vein disease--a single centre experience. , 2010, International journal of surgery.

[528]  M. Nozaki,et al.  Prospective randomized efficacy of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy compared with ultrasound-guided liquid sclerotherapy in the treatment of symptomatic venous malformations. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[529]  S. Raju,et al.  Durability of venous valve reconstruction techniques for "primary" and postthrombotic reflux. , 1996, Journal of vascular surgery.

[530]  S. Beresford,et al.  VARICOSE VEINS: A COMPARISON OF SURGERY AND INJECTION/COMPRESSION SCLEROTHERAPY Five-year Follow-up , 1978, The Lancet.

[531]  S. Gauw,et al.  Randomised controlled trial comparing sapheno-femoral ligation and stripping of the great saphenous vein with endovenous laser ablation (980 nm) using local tumescent anaesthesia: one year results. , 2010, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[532]  A. Layton,et al.  The effect of aspirin on haemostatic activity in the treatment of chronic venous leg ulceration , 1995, The British journal of dermatology.

[533]  M. Stücker,et al.  Efficacy and tolerability of a red-vine-leaf extract in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency--results of a double-blind placebo-controlled study. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[534]  H. Partsch,et al.  Clinical and hemodynamic significance of corona phlebectatica in chronic venous disorders. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[535]  T. Lynch,et al.  Patient Clinical Evaluation , 2010 .

[536]  M. Başaran,et al.  The use of external banding increases the durability of transcommissural external deep venous valve repair. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[537]  D. Negus.  Recurrent varicose veins: A national problem , 1993, The British journal of surgery.

[538]  W. Chan,et al.  Role of three-dimensional rotational venography in evaluation of the left iliac vein in patients with chronic lower limb edema , 2011, The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging.

[539]  L. Cotton,et al.  Varicose Veins. Gross anatomy and development , 1961, The British journal of surgery.

[540]  F. Kudo,et al.  Long-term results of treatments for varicose veins due to greater saphenous vein insufficiency. , 2005, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[541]  R. Depalma,et al.  Physical Examination, Doppler Ultrasound and Colour Flow Duplex Scanning: Guides to Therapy for Primary Varicose Veins , 1993 .

[542]  E. A. Nelson,et al.  Compression for preventing recurrence of venous ulcers. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[543]  A. V. Van rij,et al.  Evidence for a genetic role in varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency , 2012, Phlebology.

[544]  David M. Williams,et al.  Intravascular ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of iliac vein compression (May-Thurner) syndrome. , 2002, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[545]  T. Kao,et al.  Comparison of elastic versus nonelastic compression in bilateral venous ulcers: a randomized trial. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[546]  C. Moreno,et al.  Varicose Vein Surgery: Stripping Versus the CHIVA Method: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2010, Annals of surgery.

[547]  U. Demirkılıç,et al.  Does puncture site affect the rate of nerve injuries following endovenous laser ablation of the small saphenous veins? , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[548]  L. Mazzolai,et al.  A Double‐Blind, Randomized Study Comparing Pure Chromated Glycerin with Chromated Glycerin with 1% Lidocaine and Epinephrine for Sclerotherapy of Telangiectasias and Reticular Veins , 2011, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[549]  J. Claassen,et al.  Validation of the supine venous pump function test: a new non-invasive tool in the assessment of deep venous insufficiency. , 1996, Clinical science.

[550]  L. Oğuzkurt.  Ultrasonographic anatomy of the lower extremity superficial veins. , 2012, Diagnostic and interventional radiology.

[551]  J. Mulliken,et al.  Glomuvenous malformation (glomangioma) and venous malformation: distinct clinicopathologic and genetic entities. , 2004, Archives of dermatology.

[552]  N. Sadick,et al.  Advances in Laser Surgery for Leg Veins: Bimodal Wavelength Approach to Lower Extremity Vessels, New Cooling Techniques, and Longer Pulse Durations , 2002, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[553]  I. Chetter,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablation compared with conventional surgery for great saphenous varicose veins , 2011, The British journal of surgery.

[554]  G. Legiehn,et al.  Venous malformations: classification, development, diagnosis, and interventional radiologic management. , 2008, Radiologic clinics of North America.

[555]  E. Rabe,et al.  Clinical, Aetiological, Anatomical and Pathological Classification (Ceap): Gold Standard and Limits , 2012, Phlebology.

[556]  L. Pryor,et al.  Patterns of Venous Reflux and Obstruction in Patients With Skin Damage Due to Chronic Venous Disease , 2007, Vascular and endovascular surgery.

[557]  A. Caggiati.  Fascial relationships of the long saphenous vein. , 1999, Circulation.

[558]  A. Thakkinstian,et al.  A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing endovenous ablation and surgical intervention in patients with varicose vein. , 2012, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[559]  B. Risberg,et al.  Colour Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing venous insufficiency. A comparison to descending phlebography. , 1995, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[560]  K. Parsi.  Venous gas embolism during foam sclerotherapy of saphenous veins despite recommended treatment modifications , 2011, Phlebology.

[561]  M. Harrison,et al.  The Canadian Bandaging Trial: Evidence-informed leg ulcer care and the effectiveness of two compression technologies , 2011, BMC nursing.

[562]  F. Allaert,et al.  Meta-analysis of the impact of the principal venoactive drugs agents on malleolar venous edema. , 2012, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[563]  A. Comerota,et al.  A randomized, controlled trial of endovenous thermal ablation using the 810-nm wavelength laser and the ClosurePLUS radiofrequency ablation methods for superficial venous insufficiency of the great saphenous vein. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[564]  G. Weisel,et al.  High Ligation and Stripping of the Long Saphenous Vein Using the Tumescent Technique for Local Anesthesia , 1998, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[565]  S. Raju.  Valvuloplasty and valve transfer. , 1985, International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology.

[566]  P. Smith.  Chronic venous disease treated by ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy. , 2006, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[567]  J. Mulliken.  Vascular Malformations of the Head and Neck , 2013 .

[568]  D. Zarin,et al.  A systematic review of pneumatic compression for treatment of chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulcers. , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[569]  G. Moneta,et al.  Secondary chronic venous disorders. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[570]  N. Labropoulos,et al.  Presentation of the patient with recurrent varices after surgery (REVAS). , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[571]  B. Lee,et al.  Advanced management of venous malformation with ethanol sclerotherapy: mid-term results. , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.