CLIPs and CLASPs and cellular dynamics

The dynamic properties of microtubules are regulated by plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs), which associate with the distal ends of microtubules. Among the +TIPs are cytoplasmic linker proteins (CLIPs), which promote microtubule growth and regulate dynein–dynactin localization, and CLIP-associating proteins (CLASPs), which stabilize specific subsets of microtubules on reception of signalling cues. CLIPs and CLASPs interact and cooperate to direct the microtubule network, thereby regulating cellular asymmetry.

[1]  S. Diekmann,et al.  Functional Complementation of Human Centromere Protein A (CENP-A) by Cse4p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 2004, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[2]  S. Fuller,et al.  Structure of growing microtubule ends: two-dimensional sheets close into tubes at variable rates , 1995, The Journal of cell biology.

[3]  C. Waterman-Storer,et al.  Conserved microtubule–actin interactions in cell movement and morphogenesis , 2003, Nature Cell Biology.

[4]  Richard A. Firtel,et al.  Leading the way: directional sensing through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and other signaling pathways , 2003, Journal of Cell Science.

[5]  J. Delabie,et al.  Restin: a novel intermediate filament‐associated protein highly expressed in the Reed‐Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[6]  A. Harwood,et al.  Regulation of GSK-3 A Cellular Multiprocessor , 2001, Cell.

[7]  N. Galjart,et al.  Cytoplasmic linker proteins promote microtubule rescue in vivo , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[8]  M. Bornens.  Centrosome composition and microtubule anchoring mechanisms. , 2002, Current opinion in cell biology.

[9]  Sharyn A. Endow,et al.  Determinants of molecular motor directionality , 1999, Nature Cell Biology.

[10]  C. Sunkel,et al.  MAST/Orbit has a role in microtubule–kinetochore attachment and is essential for chromosome alignment and maintenance of spindle bipolarity , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[11]  M. Kirschner,et al.  Beyond self-assembly: From microtubules to morphogenesis , 1986, Cell.

[12]  A. W. Schaefer,et al.  Microtubule Dynamics Are Necessary for Src Family Kinase-Dependent Growth Cone Steering , 2004, Current Biology.

[13]  D. Glover,et al.  Orbit/Mast, the CLASP orthologue of Drosophila, is required for asymmetric stem cell and cystocyte divisions and development of the polarised microtubule network that interconnects oocyte and nurse cells during oogenesis , 2003, Development.

[14]  James Q. Zheng,et al.  Growth Cone Turning Induced by Direct Local Modification of Microtubule Dynamics , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[15]  C. Sunkel,et al.  Mast, a conserved microtubule‐associated protein required for bipolar mitotic spindle organization , 2000, The EMBO journal.

[16]  E. Mandelkow.  Microtubule dynamics and microtubule caps: a time-resolved cryo- electron microscopy study , 1991, Journal of Cell Biology.

[17]  E. Mandelkow,et al.  Microtubule dynamics and microtubule caps: a time-resolved cryo- electron microscopy study , 1991, The Journal of cell biology.

[18]  N. Hirokawa,et al.  Kinesin superfamily proteins and their various functions and dynamics. , 2004, Experimental cell research.

[19]  Eric F. Wieschaus,et al.  Coordination of opposite-polarity microtubule motors , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[20]  B. Goud,et al.  CLIPR-59, a new trans-Golgi/TGN cytoplasmic linker protein belonging to the CLIP-170 family , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[21]  Chris I. De Zeeuw,et al.  CLASPs Are CLIP-115 and -170 Associating Proteins Involved in the Regional Regulation of Microtubule Dynamics in Motile Fibroblasts , 2001, Cell.

[22]  B. Goud,et al.  CLIPR-59 Is a Lipid Raft-associated Protein Containing a Cytoskeleton-associated Protein Glycine-rich Domain (CAP-Gly) That Perturbs Microtubule Dynamics* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[23]  M. Bornens,et al.  Suppression of nuclear oscillations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing Glu tubulin. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  S. Kuroda,et al.  Rac1 and Cdc42 Capture Microtubules through IQGAP1 and CLIP-170 , 2002, Cell.

[25]  T. Kreis,et al.  Identification of a novel nucleotide-sensitive microtubule-binding protein in HeLa cells , 1990, The Journal of cell biology.

[26]  G. C. Rogers,et al.  Drosophila EB1 is important for proper assembly, dynamics, and positioning of the mitotic spindle , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[27]  B. Eickholt,et al.  An inactive pool of GSK-3 at the leading edge of growth cones is implicated in Semaphorin 3A signaling , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[28]  Niels Galjart,et al.  Visualization of Microtubule Growth in Cultured Neurons via the Use of EB3-GFP (End-Binding Protein 3-Green Fluorescent Protein) , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[29]  M. Steinmetz,et al.  Structural insights into the EB1–APC interaction , 2005, The EMBO journal.

[30]  R. Drenan,et al.  The FKBP12‐rapamycin‐associated protein (FRAP) is a CLIP‐170 kinase , 2002, EMBO reports.

[31]  Ming Luo,et al.  Crystal Structure of the Cytoskeleton-associated Protein Glycine-rich (CAP-Gly) Domain* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[32]  Damian Brunner,et al.  Tea2p kinesin is involved in spatial microtubule organization by transporting tip1p on microtubules. , 2004, Developmental cell.

[33]  David Pellman,et al.  Microtubule “Plus-End-Tracking Proteins” The End Is Just the Beginning , 2001, Cell.

[34]  T. Mitchison,et al.  Microtubule polymerization dynamics. , 1997, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[35]  G. Fink,et al.  Polyploids require Bik1 for kinetochore–microtubule attachment , 2001, The Journal of cell biology.

[36]  P. Nurse,et al.  CLIP170-like tip1p Spatially Organizes Microtubular Dynamics in Fission Yeast , 2000, Cell.

[37]  K. Sawin.  Microtubule Dynamics: Faint Speckle, Hidden Dragon , 2004, Current Biology.

[38]  J. Cooper,et al.  TOR signaling regulates microtubule structure and function , 2000, Current Biology.

[39]  G. Fink,et al.  BIK1, a protein required for microtubule function during mating and mitosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, colocalizes with tubulin , 1990, The Journal of cell biology.

[40]  H. Maiato,et al.  Drosophila CLASP is required for the incorporation of microtubule subunits into fluxing kinetochore fibres , 2005, Nature Cell Biology.

[41]  L. Griparić,et al.  Identification and expression of two novel CLIP-170/Restin isoforms expressed predominantly in muscle. , 1998, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[42]  F. Perez,et al.  Dynamic Localization of CLIP-170 to Microtubule Plus Ends Is Coupled to Microtubule Assembly , 1999, The Journal of cell biology.

[43]  Barbara E. Bierer,et al.  The APC-associated protein EB1 associates with components of the dynactin complex and cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain , 1999, Current Biology.

[44]  E. Nogales,et al.  Alf1p, a Clip-170 Domain-containing Protein, Is Functionally and Physically Associated with ␣ -tubulin , 1999 .

[45]  I. Arnal,et al.  CLIP-170/Tubulin-Curved Oligomers Coassemble at Microtubule Ends and Promote Rescues , 2004, Current Biology.

[46]  E. Mugnaini,et al.  The dendritic lamellar body: a new neuronal organelle putatively associated with dendrodendritic gap junctions , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[47]  K. Riehemann,et al.  Sequence homologies between four cytoskeleton-associated proteins. , 1993, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[48]  Gongshe Han,et al.  Dynamics of cytoplasmic dynein in living cells and the effect of a mutation in the dynactin complex actin-related protein Arp1 , 2000, Current Biology.

[49]  E. O'Toole,et al.  Yeast Bim1p Promotes the G1-specific Dynamics of Microtubules , 1999, The Journal of cell biology.

[50]  C. Hoogenraad,et al.  LIS1, CLIP-170's Key to the Dynein/Dynactin Pathway , 2002, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[51]  Mohan L Gupta,et al.  Cell cycle control of kinesin-mediated transport of Bik1 (CLIP-170) regulates microtubule stability and dynein activation. , 2004, Developmental cell.

[52]  S. Popov,et al.  Quantitative Analysis of Microtubule Transport in Growing Nerve Processes , 2004, Current Biology.

[53]  P Bork,et al.  Comparison of ARM and HEAT protein repeats. , 2001, Journal of molecular biology.

[54]  Sebastian A. Leidel,et al.  Functional genomic analysis of cell division in C. elegans using RNAi of genes on chromosome III , 2000, Nature.

[55]  L. Griparić,et al.  Differential usage of two 5' splice sites in a complex exon generates additional protein sequence complexity in chicken CLIP-170 isoforms. , 1999, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[56]  Elaine Fuchs,et al.  ACF7 An essential integrator of microtubule dynamics , 2003, Cell.

[57]  V. Allan,et al.  Dynactin , 2000, Current Biology.

[58]  Ronald D. Vale,et al.  Structural determinants for EB1-mediated recruitment of APC and spectraplakins to the microtubule plus end , 2005, The Journal of cell biology.

[59]  J. Cooper,et al.  The role of the lissencephaly protein Pac1 during nuclear migration in budding yeast , 2003, The Journal of cell biology.

[60]  K. Miller,et al.  A Class VI Unconventional Myosin Is Associated with a Homologue of a Microtubule-binding Protein, Cytoplasmic Linker Protein–170, in Neurons and at the Posterior Pole of Drosophila Embryos , 1998, The Journal of cell biology.

[61]  A. Hyman,et al.  Binding of the adenomatous polyposis coli protein to microtubules increases microtubule stability and is regulated by GSK3β phosphorylation , 2001, Current Biology.

[62]  Sonia Grego,et al.  EB1-microtubule interactions in Xenopus egg extracts: role of EB1 in microtubule stabilization and mechanisms of targeting to microtubules. , 2002, Molecular biology of the cell.

[63]  Y. Matsuo,et al.  The CAP-Gly domain of CYLD associates with the proline-rich sequence in NEMO/IKKgamma. , 2004, Structure.

[64]  N. Morris,et al.  Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in nuclear migration in Aspergillus nidulans. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[65]  Timothy J. Mitchison,et al.  Kin I Kinesins Are Microtubule-Destabilizing Enzymes , 1999, Cell.

[66]  K. Vaughan,et al.  Evidence that an interaction between EB1 and p150(Glued) is required for the formation and maintenance of a radial microtubule array anchored at the centrosome. , 2002, Molecular biology of the cell.

[67]  D. V. Vactor,et al.  The Microtubule Plus End Tracking Protein Orbit/MAST/CLASP Acts Downstream of the Tyrosine Kinase Abl in Mediating Axon Guidance , 2004, Neuron.

[68]  Pedro Carvalho,et al.  Determinants of S. cerevisiae Dynein Localization and Activation Implications for the Mechanism of Spindle Positioning , 2003, Current Biology.

[69]  C. I. Zeeuw,et al.  CLIP-115, a Novel Brain-Specific Cytoplasmic Linker Protein, Mediates the Localization of Dendritic Lamellar Bodies , 1997, Neuron.

[70]  J. Swedlow,et al.  Human CLASP1 Is an Outer Kinetochore Component that Regulates Spindle Microtubule Dynamics , 2003, Cell.

[71]  S. Deacon,et al.  Interactions and regulation of molecular motors in Xenopus melanophores , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[72]  Y. Ohya,et al.  Dynactin is involved in a checkpoint to monitor cell wall synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 2004, Nature Cell Biology.

[73]  K. E. Busch,et al.  The Microtubule Plus End-Tracking Proteins mal3p and tip1p Cooperate for Cell-End Targeting of Interphase Microtubules , 2004, Current Biology.

[74]  T. Akiyama,et al.  Interaction with IQGAP1 links APC to Rac1, Cdc42, and actin filaments during cell polarization and migration. , 2004, Developmental cell.

[75]  A. Hall,et al.  Cdc42 regulates GSK-3β and adenomatous polyposis coli to control cell polarity , 2003, Nature.

[76]  M. Chen,et al.  EB1 and APC bind to mDia to stabilize microtubules downstream of Rho and promote cell migration , 2004, Nature Cell Biology.

[77]  T. Uemura,et al.  Shortstop Recruits EB1/APC1 and Promotes Microtubule Assembly at the Muscle-Tendon Junction , 2003, Current Biology.

[78]  P. Nurse,et al.  The p150-Glued Ssm4p regulates microtubular dynamics and nuclear movement in fission yeast , 2004, Journal of Cell Science.

[79]  C. Turck,et al.  Drosophila RhoGEF2 Associates with Microtubule Plus Ends in an EB1-Dependent Manner , 2004, Current Biology.

[80]  I. Vernos,et al.  Dynactin is required for bidirectional organelle transport , 2003, The Journal of cell biology.

[81]  T. Kreis,et al.  Binding of pp170 to microtubules is regulated by phosphorylation. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[82]  S. Dedhar,et al.  NGF-Induced Axon Growth Is Mediated by Localized Inactivation of GSK-3β and Functions of the Microtubule Plus End Binding Protein APC , 2004, Neuron.

[83]  A. Prescott,et al.  The adenomatous polyposis coli protein unambiguously localizes to microtubule plus ends and is involved in establishing parallel arrays of microtubule bundles in highly polarized epithelial cells , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[84]  N. Galjart,et al.  A plus-end raft to control microtubule dynamics and function. , 2003, Current opinion in cell biology.

[85]  D. Glover,et al.  Orbit, a Novel Microtubule-Associated Protein Essential for Mitosis in Drosophila melanogaster , 2000, The Journal of cell biology.

[86]  F. Perez,et al.  CLIP-170 Highlights Growing Microtubule Ends In Vivo , 1999, Cell.

[87]  G. Banker,et al.  Polarity orientation of microtubules in hippocampal neurons: uniformity in the axon and nonuniformity in the dendrite. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[88]  A. Hall,et al.  Rho GTPases in cell biology , 2002, Nature.

[89]  R. Vallee,et al.  Dynein: An ancient motor protein involved in multiple modes of transport. , 2004, Journal of neurobiology.

[90]  C. L. Adams,et al.  The adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein localizes to plasma membrane sites involved in active cell migration , 1996, The Journal of cell biology.

[91]  U. Aebi,et al.  Purification and Analysis of Authentic CLIP-170 and Recombinant Fragments* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[92]  K. Kaibuchi,et al.  Roles of Rho-family GTPases in cell polarisation and directional migration. , 2003, Current opinion in cell biology.

[93]  R. Brent,et al.  APC binds to the novel protein EB1. , 1995, Cancer research.

[94]  R. Vallee,et al.  Role of dynein, dynactin, and CLIP-170 interactions in LIS1 kinetochore function , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[95]  T. Kreis,et al.  CLIP-170 links endocytic vesicles to microtubules , 1992, Cell.

[96]  A. Hall,et al.  Integrin-Mediated Activation of Cdc42 Controls Cell Polarity in Migrating Astrocytes through PKCζ , 2001, Cell.

[97]  D. Hess,et al.  Phosphorylation of IQGAP1 Modulates Its Binding to Cdc42, Revealing a New Type of Rho-GTPase Regulator* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[98]  T. Schroer,et al.  CLIP-170 interacts with dynactin complex and the APC-binding protein EB1 by different mechanisms. , 2003, Cell motility and the cytoskeleton.

[99]  J. D. De Mey,et al.  Evidence for a Role of CLIP-170 in the Establishment of Metaphase Chromosome Alignment , 1998, The Journal of cell biology.

[100]  E. Dent,et al.  Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Transport in Growth Cone Motility and Axon Guidance , 2003, Neuron.

[101]  Niels Galjart,et al.  CLASP1 and CLASP2 bind to EB1 and regulate microtubule plus-end dynamics at the cell cortex , 2005, The Journal of cell biology.

[102]  D. Glover,et al.  Mutations in orbit/mast reveal that the central spindle is comprised of two microtubule populations, those that initiate cleavage and those that propagate furrow ingression , 2004, The Journal of cell biology.

[103]  T. Mitchison,et al.  Polewards microtubule flux in the mitotic spindle: evidence from photoactivation of fluorescence , 1989, The Journal of cell biology.

[104]  G. Gundersen,et al.  Stabilization and post‐translational modification of microtubules during cellular morphogenesis , 1991 .

[105]  T. Stearns,et al.  Adenomatous polyposis coli and EB1 localize in close proximity of the mother centriole and EB1 is a functional component of centrosomes , 2004, Journal of Cell Science.

[106]  E. V. van Munster,et al.  Conformational changes in CLIP-170 regulate its binding to microtubules and dynactin localization , 2004, The Journal of cell biology.

[107]  B. Byrne,et al.  A role for regulated binding of p150Glued to microtubule plus ends in organelle transport , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[108]  K. Vaughan.  Surfing, regulating and capturing: are all microtubule-tip-tracking proteins created equal? , 2004, Trends in cell biology.

[109]  Marleen Verhoye,et al.  Targeted mutation of Cyln2 in the Williams syndrome critical region links CLIP-115 haploinsufficiency to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in mice , 2002, Nature Genetics.