Valid theory-testing meta-analyses further question the negative state relief model of helping.

Cialdini and Fultz (1990) questioned the validity of our method (Carlson & Miller, 1987) and objected to three of our reported tests of their negative state relief (NSR) model of mood-induced increments to helpfulness. In response, we present substantial evidence that the use of judges to define variables is a common tool in psychology and, when used within meta-analyses, consistently meets the relevant criteria of convergent and discriminant trait validity as well as construct validity

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