Pollen Viability, Pollination, Seed Set, and Seed Germination of Croftonweed (Eupatorium Adenophorum) in China

Abstract Croftonweed has established itself as a pernicious weed in China. Experiments were conducted to test for anemophily, self-pollination, hand crossing, and apomixis. Additionally, pollen viability, seed set, and seed viability were investigated. Pollen cultured in vitro with the use of 14 culture media did not germinate, nor did self- or cross-pollen germinate on the stigma, and no pollen tubes were seen in the style. Young embryos developed into globular- or heart-shaped embryos before the opening of the captimulum, although neither meiosis to form an embryo sac nor fertilization occurred. Furthermore, seeds developed normally after closed flowers were emasculated and bagged. The plump seed ratio (plump seeds/total seeds) from apomixis (emasculation and bagged treatment) was high (41 ± 17.0%), and plump seed germination ratio exceeded 50%. These results provided additional evidence for the previous conclusion that croftonweed reproduces by apomixis. Apomixis, high seed production, and high seed germination may explain why this weed spreads so rapidly. Nomenclature: Croftonweed, Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng EUPAD.

[1]  P. Fryxell.  Mode of reproduction of higher plants , 1957, The Botanical Review.

[2]  J. Beaman,et al.  Studies in eupatorium (Compositae), III. Apparent wind pollination , 2008, Brittonia.

[3]  W. Sang,et al.  Effects of environmental factors on germination and emergence of Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum) , 2006, Weed Science.

[4]  I. Susin,et al.  ESTABLISHMENT OF A GERMINATION MEDIUM FOR ARTICHOKE POLLEN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SEED PRODUCTION , 2005 .

[5]  J. R. Coleman,et al.  Cytogenetics and embryology of Eupatorium laevigatum (Compositae) , 2005 .

[6]  Jinxing Lin,et al.  Pollen dispersion, pollen viability and pistil receptivity in Leymus chinensis. , 2004, Annals of botany.

[7]  A. Dafni,et al.  Pollen viability and longevity: Practical, ecological and evolutionary implications , 2000, Plant Systematics and Evolution.

[8]  G. Douglas,et al.  Germination of trinucleated pollen: formulation of a new medium for Capsella bursa-pastoris , 1990, Sexual Plant Reproduction.

[9]  A. Eenink.  Preliminary results of research on storage and in vitro germination of lettuce pollen as an aid in lettuce breeding , 1983, Euphytica.

[10]  J. Skvarla,et al.  The common occurrence of incompletely developed pollen of Eupatorium (Compositae: Eupatorieae) , 2003, Plant Systematics and Evolution.

[11]  M. Finer,et al.  Effects of natural rates of geitonogamy on fruit set in Asclepias speciosa (Apocynaceae): evidence favoring the plant's dilemma. , 2003, American journal of botany.

[12]  Dianxiang Zhang,et al.  Facultative apomixis in an endangered dioecious species, Woonyoungia septentrionalis (Magnoliaceae) , 2003 .

[13]  M. Kelen,et al.  Pollen viability, germination capability and pollen production level of some grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) , 2003, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum.

[14]  A. D. Worsham,et al.  Herbicide Efficacy Using a Wet-Blade Application System1 , 2003, Weed Technology.

[15]  J. Alvarez,et al.  Study of pollen cytology and evaluation of pollen viability using in vivo and in vitro test, in borage (Borago officinalis L.) , 2003 .

[16]  H. Ping.  The investigation of invasive plant species in natural grasslandat Liangshan , Sichuan province , 2003 .

[17]  O. Calderini,et al.  Comparative mapping reveals partial conservation of synteny at the apomixis locus in Paspalum spp. , 2003, Molecular Genetics and Genomics.

[18]  Y. Dupont,et al.  Evolution of apomixis as a strategy of colonization in the dioecious species Lindera glauca (Lauraceae) , 2002, Population Ecology.

[19]  Wendy A. Pline,et al.  Use of digital image analysis, viability stains, and germination assays to estimate conventional and glyphosate‐resistant cotton pollen viability , 2002 .

[20]  James A. Young,et al.  Purple Starthistle (Centaurea calcitrapa) Seed Germination1 , 2002, Weed Technology.

[21]  J. P. Saini.  Chemical control of Eupatorium (Chromolaena adenophorum L.) in Himachal Pradesh. , 2002 .

[22]  I. Coulibaly,et al.  Pollen viability restoration in a Coffea canephora P. and C. heterocalyx Stoffelen backcross. QTL identification for marker-assisted selection , 2002, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[23]  James A. Young,et al.  Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Seed Germination1 , 2001, Weed Technology.

[24]  W. Zuo.  The pathogenic mechanism of toxin of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler to Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. , 2001 .

[25]  Shiliang Zhou,et al.  Pollination biology of Paeonia jishanensis T. Hong & W.Z. Zhao (Paeoniaceae), with special emphasis on pollen and stigma biology , 1999 .

[26]  J. Carmichael,et al.  Reproductive biology of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.): breeding system analysis , 1999 .

[27]  J. R. Coleman,et al.  Embryology and cytogenetics of Eupatorium pauciflorum and E. intermedium (Compositae) , 1998 .

[28]  A. Shirazi,et al.  In vitro effect of formaldehyde on Douglas fir pollen , 1998 .

[29]  R. Singh,et al.  Evaluation of Herbicides for the Control of Croften Weed (Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel) for Different Land Use , 1998 .

[30]  R. Bicknell.  Isolation of a diploid, apomictic plant of Hieracium aurantiacum , 1997, Sexual Plant Reproduction.

[31]  T. Kozlowski.  2 – Seed Germination and Seedling Growth , 1997 .

[32]  B. Maxwell,et al.  Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Pollen Dispersion, Viability and Germination , 1994, Weed Science.

[33]  R. Geneve,et al.  Seed Source and Quality Influence Germination in Purple Coneflower [Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.] , 1994 .

[34]  D. L. Colvin,et al.  Chemical and Mechanical Control of Dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium) , 1994, Weed Technology.

[35]  M. Mogie.  The evolution of asexual reproduction in plants , 1994 .

[36]  A. Koltunow.  Apomixis: Embryo Sacs and Embryos Formed without Meiosis or Fertilization in Ovules. , 1993, The Plant cell.

[37]  M. Sedgley,et al.  Pollen Storage and Breeding System in Relation to Controlled Pollination of Four Species of Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) , 1993 .

[38]  L. Jerling,et al.  Apomixis in Plants , 1992 .

[39]  R. L. Kluge.  Biological control of crofton weed, Ageratina adenophora (Asteraceae), in South Africa , 1991 .

[40]  J. R. Coleman.  Embryology and cytogenetics of apomictic hexaploid eupatorium odoratum l (compositae) , 1989 .

[41]  R. M. King,et al.  The genera of the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) , 1989 .

[42]  A. Lukaszewski,et al.  Pollen Longevity in Wheat, Rye and Triticale , 1989 .

[43]  P. B. Rao.  Effects of Environmental Factors on Germination and Seedling Growth in Quercus floribunda and Cupressus torulosa, Tree Species of Central Himalaya , 1988 .

[44]  E. Rozenblum,et al.  APOMIXIS IN EUPATORIUM TANACETIFOLIUM (COMPOSITAE) , 1988 .

[45]  Anurag Yadav,et al.  Population dynamics of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. and Eupatorium riparium Regel in relation to burning , 1987 .

[46]  A. Richards,et al.  Plant Breeding Systems , 1986 .

[47]  J. R. Coleman,et al.  Apomixis in two triploid Brazilian species of Eupatorium:E. bupleurifolium and E. callilepsis , 1984 .

[48]  B. Maisonneuve,et al.  Action des basses températures nocturnes sur une collection variétale de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) II. - Etude de la quantité et de la qualité du pollen , 1982 .

[49]  James A. Young,et al.  Germination Characteristics of Italian Thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus) and Slenderflower Thistle (Carduus tenuiflorus) , 1979, Weed Science.

[50]  V. I. Sullivan.  Erratum: Diploidy, polyploidy, and agamospermy among species of Eupatorium (Compositae) , 1976 .

[51]  P. Raven,et al.  Chromosome Numbers in Compositae. XIII. Eupatorieae , 1976 .

[52]  V. I. Sullivan.  Pollen and pollination in the genus Eupatorium (Compositae) , 1975 .

[53]  B. Auld,et al.  The autecology of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. in Australia. , 1975 .

[54]  S. B. J. join.  Chromosome Numbers in Compositae , 1970 .

[55]  B. Auld.  The distribution of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. on the far north coast of New South Wales , 1970, Journal and proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales.

[56]  Knut Faegri,et al.  The principles of pollination ecology , 1967 .

[57]  R. M. King,et al.  MULTIPLE POLLEN FORMS IN TWO SPECIES OF THE GENUS STEVIA (COMPOSITAE) , 1967 .

[58]  A. P. Dodd.  Biological control of Eupatorium adenophorum in Queensland. , 1961 .

[59]  J. Hoy.  Establishment of Procecidochares utilis Stone (Diptera: Trypetidae) on Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. in New Zealand. , 1960 .

[60]  G. Ledyard Stebbins,et al.  Variation and Evolution in Plants , 1951 .

[61]  I. Holmgren.  Zytologische Studien über die Fortpflanzung bei den Gattungen Erigeron und Eupatorium , 1919 .