Optical substrate materials for synchrotron radiation beam lines

We consider the materials choices available for making optical substrates for synchrotron radiation beam lines. We find that currently the optical surfaces can only be polished to the required finish in fused silica and other glasses, silicon, CVD silicon carbide, electroless nickel and 17-4 PH stainless steel. Substrates must therefore be made of one of these materials or of a metal that can be coated with electroless nickel. In the context of material choices for mirrors we explore the issues of dimensional stability, polishing, bending, cooling, and manufacturing strategy. We conclude that metals are best from an engineering and cost standpoint while the ceramics are best from a polishing standpoint. We then give discussions of specific materials as follows: silicon carbide, silicon, electroless nickel, Glidcop, aluminum, precipitation-hardening stainless steel, mild steel, invar and superinvar. Finally we summarize conclusions and propose ideas for further research.

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