In-Vehicle Glance Duration

In general, the unsafe conditions that are likely to produce a motor vehicle crash reside not at the mean of a given distribution (in other words, under typical conditions), but rather in the tails of the distribution. For example, an unusually slow response to a traffic obstacle, rather than an average response, may result in a collision. Although that situation means that crashes are the exception and not the norm, it has implications for how safety-critical data are approached and handled. In this current paper, experimental data collected in a driving simulator are used to demonstrate how an analysis of the average glance durations to an in-vehicle display might lead to different conclusions about safety compared with an alternative analysis of the tail end of the distribution. In addition, a model of crash risk based on the distribution of in-vehicle glances is described, as well as several characteristics of the traffic environment.

[1]  W W Wierwille,et al.  AUTOMOTIVE ERGONOMICS. CHAPTER 14. VISUAL AND MANUAL DEMANDS OF IN- CAR CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS , 1993 .

[2]  Omer Tsimhoni,et al.  Visual Demand of Driving and the Execution of Display-Intensive in-Vehicle Tasks , 2001 .

[3]  Bryan Reimer,et al.  Glance analysis of driver eye movements to evaluate distraction , 2002, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[4]  William J Horrey,et al.  Modeling drivers' visual attention allocation while interacting with in-vehicle technologies. , 2006, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[5]  Johan Engström,et al.  Sensitivity of eye-movement measures to in-vehicle task difficulty , 2005 .

[6]  Louis Tijerina,et al.  MODELLING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRIVER IN-VEHICLE VISUAL DEMANS AND ACCIDENT OCCURRENCE , 1998 .

[7]  Thomas A. Dingus,et al.  Effects of Age, System Experience, and Navigation Technique on Driving with an Advanced Traveler Information System , 1997, Hum. Factors.

[8]  L. Kaufman,et al.  Handbook of perception and human performance , 1986 .

[9]  R. F. Haines,et al.  Cognitive issues in head-up displays , 1980 .

[10]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  Attentional Models of Multitask Pilot Performance Using Advanced Display Technology , 2003, Hum. Factors.

[11]  Thomas A. Dingus,et al.  The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Phase II – Results of the 100-Car Field Experiment , 2006 .

[12]  Neville Moray,et al.  Monitoring behavior and supervisory control , 1986 .

[13]  John W. Senders,et al.  A Re-Analysis of the Pilot Eye-Movement Data , 1966 .

[14]  Dennis B. Beringer,et al.  Automation in General Aviation: Two Studies of Pilot Responses to Autopilot Malfunctions , 1999 .

[15]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  Object versus space-based models of visual attention: Implications for the design of head-up displays , 1995 .

[16]  Terry C. Lansdown,et al.  AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE UTILITY OF VARIOUS METRICS FOR THE EVALUATION OF DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEMS , 1998 .

[17]  Jonas Klasson,et al.  A Generalised Crosswind Model for Vehicle Simulation Purposes , 2002 .

[18]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  Pathway HUDs: Are They Viable? , 2001, Hum. Factors.

[19]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  ATTENTION TO SAFETY AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SURPRISE , 2001 .

[20]  Heikki Summala,et al.  Driver/Vehicle Steering Response Latencies , 1981 .

[21]  John W. Senders,et al.  The Human Operator as a Monitor and Controller of Multidegree of Freedom Systems , 1964 .

[22]  Paul Green,et al.  Estimating Compliance with the 15-Second Rule for Driver-Interface Usability and Safety , 1999 .

[23]  R. Groner.  Eye Movements and Psychological Functions: International Views , 1983 .

[24]  Jaime R. Carbonell,et al.  A Queueing Model of Visual Sampling Experimental Validation , 1968 .

[25]  L. Young,et al.  Survey of eye movement recording methods , 1975 .

[26]  Andrew W. Gellatly,et al.  Visual Attention Demand Evaluation of Conventional and Multifunction in-Vehicle Information Systems , 2000 .

[27]  P Green,et al.  WHERE DO DRIVERS LOOK WHILE DRIVING (AND FOR HOW LONG)? IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN TRAFFIC SAFETY , 2002 .

[28]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 48 th ANNUAL MEETING – 2004 FOCAL AND AMBIENT VISUAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND DRIVER VISUAL SCANNING IN LANE KEEPING AND HAZARD DETECTION , 2004 .

[29]  Duane T. McRuer,et al.  Human dynamics in man-machine systems , 1980, Autom..