Real-Time Monitoring of Nuclear Factor κB Activity in Cultured Cells and in Animal Models

Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that plays a major role in many human disorders, including immune diseases and cancer. We designed a reporter system based on NF-κB responsive promoter elements driving expression of the secreted Gaussia princeps luciferase (Gluc). We show that this bioluminescent reporter is a highly sensitive tool for noninvasive monitoring of the kinetics of NF-κB activation and inhibition over time, both in conditioned medium of cultured cells and in the blood and urine of animals. NF-κB activation was successfully monitored in real time in endothelial cells in response to tumor angiogenic signaling, as well as in monocytes in response to inflammation. Further, we demonstrated dual blood monitoring of both NF-κB activation during tumor development as correlated to tumor formation using the NF-κB Gluc reporter, as well as the secreted alkaline phosphatase reporter. This NF-κB reporter system provides a powerful tool for monitoring NF-κB activity in real time in vitro and in vivo.