The influences of forest stand management on biotic and abiotic risks of damage

Abstract• This article synthesizes and reviews the available information on the effects of forestry practices on the occurrence of biotic and abiotic hazards, as well as on stand susceptibility to these damaging agents, concentrating on mammal herbivores, pest insects, pathogenic fungi, wind and fire.• The management operations examined are site selection, site preparation, stand composition, regeneration method, cleaning and weed control, thinning and pruning, and harvesting. For each of these operations we have examined how they influence the occurrence of biotic and abiotic damaging agents, the susceptibility of European forests, and describe the ecological processes that may explain these influences.• Overall, we find that the silvicultural operations that have the largest influence on both biotic and abiotic risks to European forest stands are closely related to species composition and the structure of the overstorey. Four main processes that drive the causal relationships between stand management and susceptibility have been identified: effect on local microclimate, provision of fuel and resources to biotic and abiotic hazards, enhancement of biological control by natural enemies and changes in individual tree physiology and development.• The review demonstrates an opportunity to develop silvicultural methods that achieve forest management objectives at the same time as minimising biotic and abiotic risks.Résumé• Cette revue bibliographique s’intéresse aux effets de la sylviculture sur la sensibilité des peuplements forestiers aux principaux agents de dégâts biotiques et abiotiques que sont les mammifères herbivores, les insectes ravageurs, les champignons pathogènes, le feu et les vents forts.• Les pratiques forestières analysées sont la sélection et la préparation des sites de reboisement, la définition de la composition en essences et le choix du matériel génétique, les méthodes de régénération et d’entretien, les modalités d’éclaircie et d’élagage, le mode de récolte finale. L’influence de chacune de ces opérations sur l’occurrence des agents de dégâts biotiques et abiotiques et sur la sensibilité des peuplements est examinée ainsi que les processus écologiques sous-jacents.• Les opérations sylvicoles qui se révèlent les plus déterminantes pour la sensibilité des forêts en Europe sont celles qui affectent la composition et la structure de la strate arborée. Quatre principaux processus écologiques semblent expliquer la relation entre sylviculture et sensibilité des peuplements : la modification du micro-climat, l’apport de ressources ou de combustible aux agents de dégâts, l’amélioration du contrôle biologique par les ennemis naturels et l’altération de la physiologie et du développement des arbres.• Cette revue permet donc d’envisager le développement de méthodes de gestion des peuplements forestiers qui permettent d’atteindre les objectifs de production tout en minimisant les risques de dégâts sanitaires.

[1]  Timo Pukkala,et al.  Predicting stand damage and tree survival in burned forests in Catalonia (North-East Spain) , 2011, Annals of Forest Science.

[2]  T. Hlásny,et al.  Insect Pests as Climate Change Driven Disturbances in Forest Ecosystems , 2009 .

[3]  O. Dini-Papanastasi.  Effects of clonal selection on biomass production and quality in Robinia pseudoacacia var. monophylla Carr. , 2008 .

[4]  Axel Wellpott,et al.  Stability of continuous cover forests , 2008 .

[5]  J. Dhôte,et al.  RÉSISTANCE AUX VENTS FORTS DES PEUPLEMENTS FORESTIERS, ET NOTAMMENT DES MÉLANGES D'ESPÈCES , 2008 .

[6]  Carter,et al.  Intraguild predation diminished in complex-structured vegetation : implications for prey suppression , 2008 .

[7]  V. Bretagnolle,et al.  Multi-scale habitat selection and foraging ecology of the eurasian hoopoe (Upupa epops) in pine plantations , 2008, Biodiversity and Conservation.

[8]  Dominique Guyon,et al.  Adaptive roadside sampling for bark beetle damage assessment , 2007 .

[9]  D. C. van der Werf,et al.  Introducing tree interactions in wind damage simulation , 2007 .

[10]  P. Baier,et al.  PHENIPS—A comprehensive phenology model of Ips typographus (L.) (Col., Scolytinae) as a tool for hazard rating of bark beetle infestation , 2007 .

[11]  H. Jactel,et al.  Tree diversity reduces herbivory by forest insects. , 2007, Ecology letters.

[12]  Eric Rigolot,et al.  The fire ecology and management of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) , 2007 .

[13]  Timo Pukkala,et al.  Using expert knowledge to model forest stand vulnerability to fire , 2007 .

[14]  K. Korhonen,et al.  Spatial distribution and persistence of Heterobasidion parviporum genets on a Norway spruce site , 2007 .

[15]  J. Negrón,et al.  The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States , 2007 .

[16]  J. Pinon,et al.  Les ormes résistants à la graphiose , 2007 .

[17]  K. Day,et al.  Damage, Control and Management of Weevil Pests, Especially Hylobius Abietis , 2007 .

[18]  Timo Pukkala,et al.  Characterization of forest fires in Catalonia (north-east Spain) , 2007, European Journal of Forest Research.

[19]  H. Müller-Schärer,et al.  Nurse plants, tree saplings and grazing pressure: changes in facilitation along a biotic environmental gradient , 2007, Oecologia.

[20]  J. Pratt,et al.  Two studies to assess the risk to Pinus sylvestris from Heterobasidion spp. in southern Sweden , 2006 .

[21]  Andrea Vannini,et al.  Interactive effects of drought and pathogens in forest trees , 2006 .

[22]  J. Koricheva,et al.  Moose and vole browsing patterns in experimentally assembled pure and mixed forest stands , 2006 .

[23]  H. Roininen,et al.  Dead wood creation and restoration burning: Implications for bark beetles and beetle induced tree deaths , 2006 .

[24]  C. Baillie,et al.  Effects of fertilising with nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and crown condition of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. experiencing insect defoliation , 2006 .

[25]  B. Gardiner,et al.  Anchorage of coniferous trees in relation to species, soil type, and rooting depth , 2006 .

[26]  Magnus Petersson,et al.  Why vegetation increases pine weevil damage: Bridge or shelter? , 2006 .

[27]  Timo Pukkala,et al.  A fire probability model for forest stands in Catalonia (north-east Spain) , 2006 .

[28]  Jean-Philippe Schütz,et al.  Vulnerability of spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest stands to storms and consequences for silviculture , 2006, European Journal of Forest Research.

[29]  R. Zas,et al.  Fertilization increases Hylobius abietis L. damage in Pinus pinaster Ait. seedlings , 2006 .

[30]  H. Jactel,et al.  Tree species diversity reduces the invasibility of maritime pine stands by the bast scale, Matsucoccus feytaudi (Homoptera: Margarodidae) , 2006 .

[31]  J. Škvarenina,et al.  Effects of intensive versus no management strategies during an outbreak of the bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) (Col.: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in the Tatra Mts. in Poland and Slovakia , 2006 .

[32]  B. Gardiner,et al.  The stability of different silvicultural systems: a wind-tunnel investigation , 2005 .

[33]  H. Viiri,et al.  Effects of green tree retention, prescribed burning and soil treatment on pine weevil (Hylobius abietis and Hylobius pinastri) damage to planted Scots pine seedlings , 2005 .

[34]  D. Kulhavy,et al.  Effects of fertilization and herbicides on growth of young loblolly pine and infestations of Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) , 2005 .

[35]  T. T. Veblen,et al.  LANDSCAPE INFLUENCES ON OCCURRENCE AND SPREAD OF WILDFIRES IN PATAGONIAN FORESTS AND SHRUBLANDS , 2005 .

[36]  David M. Rizzo,et al.  Establishment of an emerging generalist pathogen in redwood forest communities , 2005 .

[37]  S. Denman,et al.  Phytophthora kernoviae sp. nov., an invasive pathogen causing bleeding stem lesions on forest trees and foliar necrosis of ornamentals in the UK. , 2005, Mycological research.

[38]  Carl N. Skinner,et al.  Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments , 2005 .

[39]  D. Herms,et al.  Effects of fertilization on red pine defense chemistry and resistance to Sphaeropsis sapinea , 2005 .

[40]  M. Löf,et al.  The influence of different overstory removal on planted spruce and several broadleaved tree species: Survival, growth and pine weevil damage during three years , 2005 .

[41]  J. Staley,et al.  The effect of environmentally induced changes in the bark of young conifers on feeding behaviour and reproductive development of adult Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). , 2005, Bulletin of entomological research.

[42]  Sigrid Netherer,et al.  Predisposition assessment systems (PAS) as supportive tools in forest management—rating of site and stand-related hazards of bark beetle infestation in the High Tatra Mountains as an example for system application and verification , 2005 .

[43]  J. Stenlid,et al.  Heterobasidion annosum infection of Picea abies following manual or mechanized stump treatment , 2005 .

[44]  D. Wainhouse.  Ecological Methods in Forest Pest Management , 2005 .

[45]  U. Mattila.  Probability models for pine twisting rust (Melampsora pinitorqua) damage in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands in Finland , 2005 .

[46]  J. Dhote.  Implication of Forest Diversity in Resistance to Strong Winds , 2005 .

[47]  Donald McKenzie,et al.  Forest Structure and Fire Hazard in Dry Forests of the Western United States , 2005 .

[48]  H. Jactel,et al.  A Test of the Biodiversity-Stability Theory: Meta-analysis of Tree Species Diversity Effects on Insect Pest Infestations, and Re-examination of Responsible Factors , 2005 .

[49]  O. Holdenrieder,et al.  Susceptibility to Fungal Pathogens of Forests Differing in Tree Diversity , 2005 .

[50]  Beat Wermelinger,et al.  Ecology and management of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus—a review of recent research , 2004 .

[51]  J. E. Knight.  Deer and Elk , 2004 .

[52]  J. Koella,et al.  Concurrent Evolution of Resistance and Tolerance to Pathogens , 2004, The American Naturalist.

[53]  S. Kellomäki,et al.  Elevated CO2 alters birch resistance to Lagomorpha herbivores , 2004 .

[54]  P. Kotanen,et al.  Evidence that fungal pathogens inhibit recruitment of a shade-intolerant tree, white birch (Betula papyrifera), in understory habitats , 2004, Oecologia.

[55]  Angela K. Fuller,et al.  Stand scale effects of partial harvesting and clearcutting on small mammals and forest structure , 2004 .

[56]  Richard H. W. Bradshaw,et al.  Storm damage and long-term mortality in a semi-natural, temperate deciduous forest , 2004 .

[57]  Qing-He Zhang,et al.  Olfactory recognition and behavioural avoidance of angiosperm nonhost volatiles by conifer‐inhabiting bark beetles , 2004 .

[58]  Serge Rambal,et al.  Some determinants of the spatio-temporal fire cycle in a mediterranean landscape (Corsica, France) , 2003, Landscape Ecology.

[59]  T. Brandeis,et al.  Biotic injuries on conifer seedlings planted in forest understory environments , 2002, New Forests.

[60]  Francisco Moreira,et al.  Temporal (1958–1995) pattern of change in a cultural landscape of northwestern Portugal: implications for fire occurrence , 2001, Landscape Ecology.

[61]  M. Desprez-Loustau,et al.  Testing variability in pathogenicity of Phytophthora cinnamomi , 1998, European Journal of Plant Pathology.

[62]  M. Desprez-Loustau,et al.  Components of maritime pine susceptibility to twisting rust – A path coefficient analysis , 1997, European Journal of Plant Pathology.

[63]  D. Hibbs,et al.  Underplanting western hemlock in a red alder thinning: early survival, growth, and damage , 1989, New Forests.

[64]  B. Nicoll,et al.  The development of symmetry, rigidity and anchorage in the structural root system of conifers , 2004, Plant and Soil.

[65]  J. Grégoire,et al.  Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, a Synthesis , 2004, Springer Netherlands.

[66]  Philip N. Omi,et al.  Effectiveness of thinning and prescribed fire in reducing wildfire severity , 2004 .

[67]  Gert-Jan Nabuurs,et al.  Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries , 2003 .

[68]  G. Örlander,et al.  Effects of field vegetation control on pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) damage to newly planted Norway spruce seedlings , 2003 .

[69]  S. Mitchell.  Effects of mechanical stimulus, shade, and nitrogen fertilization on morphology and bending resistance in Douglas-fir seedlings , 2003 .

[70]  Kristina Wallertz,et al.  Pine Weevil Population Density and Damage to Coniferous Seedlings in a Regeneration Area With and Without Shelterwood , 2003 .

[71]  B. Marçais,et al.  Responses of the root rot fungus Collybia fusipes to soil waterlogging and oxygen availability. , 2003, Mycological research.

[72]  Yves Bergeron,et al.  Modeling Tree Mortality Following Wildfire in the Southeastern Canadian Mixed-Wood Boreal Forest , 2003, Forest Science.

[73]  D. Parsons,et al.  Growth rate predicts mortality of Abies concolor in both burned and unburned stands , 2003 .

[74]  C. Mcarthur,et al.  Influence of patch characteristics on browsing of tree seedlings by mammalian herbivores , 2003 .

[75]  E. Halmschlager,et al.  The severity of Sirococcus shoot blight in mature Norway spruce stands with regard to tree nutrition, topography and stand age , 2003 .

[76]  R. Robinson.  Short-term impact of thinning and fertilizer application on Armillaria root disease in regrowth karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) in Western Australia , 2003 .

[77]  Claudia Neuhauser,et al.  COMMUNITY GENETICS: EXPANDING THE SYNTHESIS OF ECOLOGY AND GENETICS , 2003 .

[78]  N. Björklund,et al.  Host‐plant acceptance on mineral soil and humus by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) , 2003 .

[79]  J. Pusenius,et al.  Effects of the availability of herbaceous food on vole attacks on birch seedlings , 2003 .

[80]  W. Kron,et al.  洪水风险=灾害事件×暴露程度×脆弱程度 , 2003 .

[81]  T. Harrington,et al.  Nantucket pine tip moth development and population dynamics: Influence of nitrogen fertilization and vegetation control , 2003 .

[82]  C. C. Rhoadesa,et al.  Effect of soil compaction and moisture on incidence of phytophthora root rot on American chestnut ( Castanea dentata ) seedlings , 2003 .

[83]  D. Herms.  Effects of Fertilization on Insect Resistance of Woody Ornamental Plants: Reassessing an Entrenched Paradigm , 2002 .

[84]  U. Mattila.  The risk of pine twisting rust damage in young Scots pines: a multilevel logit model approach. , 2002 .

[85]  G. Wang.  Fire severity in relation to canopy composition within burned boreal mixedwood stands , 2002 .

[86]  Philip N. Omi,et al.  Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests , 2002 .

[87]  D. Six,et al.  Pine Engraver (Ips pini) Colonization of Logging Residues Created Using Alternative Slash Management Systems in Western Montana , 2002 .

[88]  C. Géri,et al.  Preference and performance of the sawfly Diprion pini on host and non‐host plants of the genus Pinus , 2002 .

[89]  R. Denno,et al.  INTRAGUILD PREDATION DIMINISHED IN COMPLEX-STRUCTURED VEGETATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR PREY SUPPRESSION , 2002 .

[90]  Ola Sallnäs,et al.  Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners , 2002 .

[91]  J. Miina,et al.  Optimizing the Management of a Butt-rotted Picea abies Stand Infected by Heterobasidion annosum from the Previous Rotation , 2002 .

[92]  Randy G. Jensen,et al.  Harvest-associated disturbance in upland Ozark forests of the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project , 2002 .

[93]  W. Mason.  Are irregular stands more windfirm , 2002 .

[94]  A. Cameron.  Importance of early selective thinning in the development of long‐term stand stability and improved log quality: a review , 2002 .

[95]  J. Pratt,et al.  Fomes root rot in Thetford Forest, East Anglia: past, present and future , 2002 .

[96]  M. Linden,et al.  Sensitivity of Picea abies to butt rot in pure stands and in mixed stands with Pinus sylvestris in southern Sweden , 2002 .

[97]  J. Pereira,et al.  Positive effect of drought on longicorn borer larval survival and growth on eucalyptus trunks , 2002 .

[98]  M. Kimberley,et al.  ARMILLARIA ROOT DISEASE OF PINUS RADIATA IN NEW ZEALAND. 3: INFLUENCE OF THINNING AND PRUNING , 2002 .

[99]  M. Kimberley,et al.  ARMILLARIA ROOT DISEASE OF PINUS RADIATA IN NEW ZEALAND. 6: GROWTH LOSS , 2002 .

[100]  P. Frey,et al.  Végétation accompagnatrice et agresseurs biotiques. , 2002 .

[101]  J. P. Grime,et al.  Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges , 2001, Science.

[102]  C. Stone.  Reducing the impact of insect herbivory in eucalypt plantations through management of extrinsic influences on tree vigour , 2001 .

[103]  P. Brain,et al.  Does host genotype diversity affect the distribution of insect and disease damage in willow cropping systems , 2001 .

[104]  P. Hessburg,et al.  Association of black stain root disease with roads, skid trails, and precommercial thinning in Southwest Oregon. , 2001 .

[105]  Susceptibility of parent and interspecific F1 hybrid pine trees to tip moth damage in a coastal North Carolina planting , 2001 .

[106]  Alexandros Dimitrakopoulos,et al.  Flammability Assessment of Mediterranean Forest Fuels , 2001 .

[107]  Kristina Wallertz,et al.  Extra Food Supply Decreases Damage by the Pine Weevil Hylobius abietis , 2001 .

[108]  Yadvinder Malhi,et al.  State of the World's Forests 2001 , 2001 .

[109]  Michael Bulfin,et al.  The initial development of a windthrow risk model for Sitka spruce in Ireland , 2001 .

[110]  L. Peacock,et al.  Responses of the willow beetle Phratora vulgatissima to genetically and spatially diverse Salix spp. plantations. , 2000 .

[111]  Using airflow modelling and spatial analysis for defining wind damage risk classification (WINDARC) , 2000 .

[112]  B. Gardiner,et al.  Management of forests to reduce the risk of abiotic damage — a review with particular reference to the effects of strong winds , 2000 .

[113]  J. Grégoire,et al.  Spruce stands provide natural food sources to adult hymenopteran parasitoids of bark beetles , 2000 .

[114]  C. Géri,et al.  Oviposition preference and larval survival of Diprion pini on Scots pine clones in relation to foliage characteristics , 2000 .

[115]  D. Huber,et al.  Species differences in early growth and rust incidence of loblolly and slash pine , 2000 .

[116]  T. Whitham,et al.  ASSOCIATIONAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF COTTONWOOD TO A BOX ELDER HERBIVORE , 2000 .

[117]  D. Kulhavy,et al.  Effects of fertilizer and herbicide application on Nantucket pine tip moth infestation (Lep., Tortricidae) , 2000 .

[118]  Andrew M. Liebhold,et al.  A critique of silvicultural approaches to managing defoliating insects in North America , 2000 .

[119]  Philip N. Omi,et al.  The use of shaded fuelbreaks in landscape fire management. , 2000 .

[120]  J. Rönnberg.  Logging operation damage to roots of clear-felled Picea abies and subsequent spore infection by Heterobasidion annosum. , 2000 .

[121]  P. Frey,et al.  Varietal mixture of poplar clones: Effects on infection by Melampsora larici‐populina and on plant growth , 1999 .

[122]  D. R. Millegan,et al.  Integrated pest management of Ips pini (Col., Scolytidae) populations in south‐eastern Montana , 1999 .

[123]  C. S. Hodges,et al.  Heterobasidion annosum. Biology, Ecology, Impact and Control , 1999 .

[124]  A. Gruppe,et al.  Short rotation plantations of aspen and balsam poplar on former arable land in Germany: defoliating insects and leaf constituents , 1999 .

[125]  R. Mosandl,et al.  Auf dem Weg zum naturnahen Wald. , 1999 .

[126]  R. Frutos,et al.  Managing Insect Resistance to Plants Producing Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins , 1999 .

[127]  S. Netherer,et al.  Assessment of the predisposition of forest sites and stands to epidemics of the little spruce sawfly Pristiphora abietina. , 1999 .

[128]  W. Grodzki,et al.  Roznorodnosc biologiczna ekosystemow a problemy ochrony lasow gorskich , 1999 .

[129]  D. Sellen,et al.  FAO 1996. The Sixth World Food Survey. (Food and Agriculuture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.) , 1999, Journal of Biosocial Science.

[130]  David J. Mladenoff,et al.  Mechanistic modeling of landscape fire patterns. , 1999 .

[131]  D. Tilman,et al.  Experimental Tests of the Dependence of Arthropod Diversity on Plant Diversity , 1998, The American Naturalist.

[132]  J. Rose,et al.  The effect of variation in light and nitrogen on growth and defence in young Sitka Spruce , 1998 .

[133]  D. Kulhavy,et al.  Prediction models of Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lep., Tortricidae) infestation using soil and tree factors , 1998 .

[134]  H. Jactel,et al.  Genetic parameters and gain expected from direct selection for resistance to Dioryctria sylvestrella Ratz. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Pinus Pinaster Ait., using a full diallel mating design , 1998 .

[135]  Philip N. Omi,et al.  Reduction of Fire Hazard Through Thinning/Residue Disposal in the Urban Interface , 1998 .

[136]  Duncan Ray,et al.  The effect of soil water-table depth on root-plate development and stability of Sitka spruce , 1998 .

[137]  Mats Niklasson,et al.  Tree mortality after prescribed burning in an old-growth Scots pine forest in northern Sweden , 1998 .

[138]  Daniel Auclair,et al.  Plantation Silviculture in Europe , 1997 .

[139]  M. Desprez-Loustau,et al.  Influence of silvicultural practices on twisting rust infection and damage in maritime pine, as related to growth , 1997 .

[140]  J. Kouki,et al.  Effect of forest stand and edge characteristics on the vulnerability of jack pine stands to jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus) damage , 1997 .

[141]  W. M. Dawson,et al.  Growing clonal mixtures of willow to reduce effect of Melampsora epitea var. epitea , 1997 .

[142]  X. Lee,et al.  Introduction to wildland fire , 1997 .

[143]  B. Nicoll,et al.  Responses of young Sitka spruce clones to mechanical perturbation and nutrition: effects on biomass allocation, root development, and resistance to bending , 1997 .

[144]  H. Fölster,et al.  Reaction of root systems of grand fir (Abies grandis Lindl.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) to seasonal waterlogging , 1997 .

[145]  B. Potts,et al.  Mycosphaerella leaf disease: genetic variation in damage to Eucalyptus nitens, Eucalyptus globulus, and their F1 hybrid , 1997 .

[146]  F. V. Sydow.  Abundance of pine weevils (Hylobius abietis) and damage to conifer seedlings in relation to silvicultural practices. , 1997 .

[147]  B. Metzler.  Quantitative assessment of fungal colonization in Norway spruce after green pruning , 1997 .

[148]  J. Tahvanainen,et al.  Palatability of silver birch seedlings to root voles Microtus oeconomus , 1997 .

[149]  A. Zolciak,et al.  Zabiegi hodowlane a zagrozenie drzewostanow przez patogeny korzeni , 1997 .

[150]  B. Potts,et al.  Genetic variation for growth and wood density in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus in Tasmania (Australia) , 1997 .

[151]  J. Elek.  Assessing the impact of leaf beetles in eucalypt plantations and exploring options for their management. , 1997 .

[152]  P. Reich,et al.  Species, diversity, and density affect tree seedling mortality from Armillaria root rot , 1997 .

[153]  B. Nicoll,et al.  Adaptive growth of tree root systems in response to wind action and site conditions. , 1996, Tree physiology.

[154]  P. Seeger,et al.  Effects of season and urea treatment on infection of stumps of Picea abies by Heterobasidion annosum in stands on former arable land , 1996 .

[155]  P. Niemelä,et al.  Vitality and bark beetle resistance of fertilized Norway spruce , 1996 .

[156]  B. Roth,et al.  Role of lammas growth in recovery of Douglas-fir seedlings from deer browsing, as influenced by weed control, fertilization, and seed source , 1996 .

[157]  D. Morrison,et al.  Silvicultural management of armillaria root disease in western Canadian forests , 1996 .

[158]  S. Larsson,et al.  Insects on trees : population and individual response to fertilization , 1996 .

[159]  C. Delong,et al.  The effects of overstory shading on white pine weevil damage to white spruce and its effects on spruce growth rates , 1996 .

[160]  F. H. Tainter,et al.  Principles of Forest Pathology , 1996 .

[161]  B. W. Wilgen,et al.  Why and how do ecosystems burn , 1996 .

[162]  C. Skinner,et al.  An Assessment of Factors Associated with Damage to Tree Crowns from the 1987 Wildfires in Northern California , 1995, Forest Science.

[163]  C. Quine.  Forests and wind : management to minimise damage , 1995 .

[164]  M. Slodičák.  Wind and Trees: Thinning regime in stands of Norway spruce subjected to snow and wind damage , 1995 .

[165]  A. Kremer,et al.  Intraspecific variability in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait) in the south-east of France.2. Heterosis and combination of characters in interracial hybrids , 1995 .

[166]  P. Baradat,et al.  Variabilité intraspécifique chez le pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait) dans le sud-est de la France. II: hétérosis et combinaison de caractères chez des hybrides interraciaux , 1995 .

[167]  B. Nicoll,et al.  Wind and Trees: Wind stability factors in tree selection: distribution of biomass within root systems of Sitka spruce clones , 1995 .

[168]  A. Cescatti,et al.  Climate, soils and Cephalcia arvensis outbreaks on Picea abies in the Italian Alps , 1994 .

[169]  Per Hansson,et al.  Scleroderris canker on lodgepole pine introduced in northern Sweden , 1994 .

[170]  M. Wingfield,et al.  Integrated management of forest tree diseases in South Africa , 1994 .

[171]  C. Barthod.  SYLVICULTURE ET RISQUES SANITAIRES DANS LES FORETS TEMPÉRÉES* 2e partie** , 1994 .

[172]  J. Weber,et al.  Genetic variation in susceptibility to windthrow in young Douglas-fir , 1993 .

[173]  H. Henttonen,et al.  Effects of Shading and Fertilization on Resistance of Winter‐Dormant Birch (Betula Pendula) to Voles and Hares , 1993 .

[174]  T. Toda,et al.  Resistance breeding to the pine wood nematode in Kyushu district. Progress of study after selection of the resistant clones. , 1993 .

[175]  J. Agee.  Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests , 1993 .

[176]  H. C. Black,et al.  Silvicultural approaches to animal damage management in Pacific Northwest forests. , 1992 .

[177]  R. Milne,et al.  Dynamics of swaying of Picea sitchensis. , 1991, Tree physiology.

[178]  Simon R. Leather,et al.  Population dynamics of forest insects , 1991 .

[179]  D. Ross,et al.  Pine tip moth, Rhyacionia spp., response to herbaceous vegetation control in an intensively site-prepared loblolly pine plantation , 1990 .

[180]  M. Speight,et al.  Ecology and Management of Forest Insects , 1990 .

[181]  S. Markalas.  Influence of soil moisture on the mortality, fecundity and diapause of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff.) , 1989 .

[182]  W. Grodzki,et al.  Gradacja wskaźnicy modrzewianeczki Zeiraphera griseana Hb. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) w Polsce w latach 1977-1983 , 1989 .

[183]  M. Mackenzie,et al.  Effect of pruning intensity and season on Diplodia pinea infection of Pinus radiata stem through pruning wounds , 1988 .

[184]  K. Ryan,et al.  Predicting postfire mortality of seven western conifers , 1988 .

[185]  A. Fischlin,et al.  The Larch Budmoth in the Alps , 1988 .

[186]  J. Grégoire.  The Greater European Spruce Beetle , 1988 .

[187]  R. Patton,et al.  Armillaria root rot in aspen stands after repeated short rotations , 1987 .

[188]  Olavi Laiho.  Metsiköiden alttius tuulituholle Etelä-Suomessa. , 1987 .

[189]  D. Murray.  Rhizosphere Microorganisms From the Jarrah Forest of Western Australia and Their Effects on Vegetative Growth and Sporulation in Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands , 1987 .

[190]  J. Kraus.  Breeding Shortleaf × Loblolly Pine Hybrids for the Development of Fusiform Rust-Resistant Loblolly Pine , 1986 .

[191]  W. Stiell,et al.  Productivity of short-rotation aspen stands , 1986 .

[192]  M. Bigger.  The effect of attack by Amblypelta cocophaga China (Hemiptera:Coreidae) on growth of Eucalyptus deglupta in the Solomon Islands , 1985 .

[193]  S. Larsson,et al.  Areal distribution of a Neodiprion sertifer (Hym., Diprionidae) outbreak on Scots pine as related to stand condition , 1984 .

[194]  R. Monthey.  Effects of timber harvesting on ungulates in northern Maine , 1984 .

[195]  F. Stephen,et al.  Effects of Competing Vegetation on Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Populations in Loblolly Pine Plantations in Arkansas , 1983 .

[196]  N. J. Fedorov,et al.  Conifer root rot studies in the USSR for the years 1976–1978 , 1981 .

[197]  M. Johansson,et al.  Antagonists of Fomes annosus in the rhizosphere of grey alder (Alnus incana) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) , 1980 .

[198]  James C. Kroll,et al.  The Role of Insectivorous Birds in Forest Ecosystems , 1979 .

[199]  J. Dickson.  SEASONAL POPULATIONS OF INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS IN A MATURE BOTTOMLAND HARDWOOD FOREST IN SOUTH LOUISIANA , 1979 .

[200]  P. Syme.  The Effects of Flowers on the Longevity and Fecundity of Two Native Parasites of the European Pine Shoot Moth in Ontario , 1975 .

[201]  R. Rothermel,et al.  Predicting changes in chaparral flammability , 1973 .

[202]  G. D. Amman.  Population Changes of the Mountain Pine Beetle in Relation to Elevation , 1973 .

[203]  R. Betts,et al.  Effects of Different Foliar-applied Nitrogen Fertilizers on Balsam Woolly Aphid , 1973 .

[204]  B. Bernier,et al.  Increased Mortality of the Swaine Jack-pine Sawfly, and Foliar Nitrogen Concentrations After Urea Fertilization , 1973 .

[205]  R. B. Root.  Organization of a Plant-Arthropod Association in Simple and Diverse Habitats: The Fauna of Collards (Brassica Oleracea) , 1973 .

[206]  G. Démolin,et al.  Comportement des adultes de Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. Dispersion spatiale, importance écologique , 1969 .

[207]  C. Heimburger.  Breeding for disease resistance in forest trees. , 1962 .

[208]  K. F. Andersen,et al.  GALES AND GALE DAMAGE TO FORESTS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF THE STORM OF 31ST JANUARY 1953, IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND , 1954 .