Excluded volume effect in queueing theory

We have introduced excluded volume effect, which is an important factor to model a realistic pedestrian queue, into queueing theory. The probability distributions of pedestrian number and pedestrian waiting time in a queue have been calculated exactly. Due to time needed to close up the queue, the mean number of pedestrians increases as pedestrian arrival probability (λ) and leaving probability (μ) increase even if the ratio between them (i.e., ρ = λ/μ) remains constant. Furthermore, at a given ρ, the mean waiting time does not increase monotonically with the service time (which is inverse to μ), a minimum could be reached instead.