EVA: An event algebra supporting complex event specification

Abstract In applications such as digital libraries, stock tickers, traffic control, or supply chain management, composite events have been introduced to enable the capturing of rich situations. Composite events seem to follow common semantics. However, on closer inspection we observed that the evaluation semantics of events differs substantially from system to system. In this paper, we propose a parameterized event algebra that defines the detailed semantics of composite event operators. We introduce composite event operators that support explicit parameters for event selection and event consumption. These parameters define how to handle duplicates in both primitive and composite events. The event algebra EVA forms the foundation for a unifying reference language that allows for translation between arbitrary event composition languages using transformation rules. This translation, in turn, enables a mediator service that can federate heterogeneous event-based systems. Our approach supports the seamless integration of event-based applications and changing event sources without the need to redefine user profiles. The event algebra is exemplified in the domain of transportation logistics.

[1]  James F. Allen,et al.  Actions and Events in Interval Temporal Logic , 1994 .

[2]  Eiko Yoneki,et al.  Time/Space Aware Event Correlation , 2010, Principles and Applications of Distributed Event-Based Systems.

[3]  Jean Bacon,et al.  Unified Semantics for Event Correlation over Time and Space in Hybrid Network Environments , 2005, OTM Conferences.

[4]  Annika Hinze.  Efficient Filtering of Composite Events , 2003, BNCOD.

[5]  Alejandro P. Buchmann,et al.  REACH: a REal-time, ACtive and Heterogeneous mediator system , 1992, IEEE Data Eng. Bull..

[6]  Annika Hinze,et al.  A parameterized algebra for event notification services , 2002, Proceedings Ninth International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning.

[7]  Umeshwar Dayal,et al.  The HiPAC project: combining active databases and timing constraints , 1988, SGMD.

[8]  Peter R. Pietzuch,et al.  Distributed event-based systems , 2006 .

[9]  Doris Jung,et al.  Specifying Single-user and Collaborative Profiles for Alerting Systems , 2009 .

[10]  James F. Allen.  Time and time again: The many ways to represent time , 1991, Int. J. Intell. Syst..

[11]  Elisa Bertino,et al.  An approach to model and query event-based temporal data , 1998, Proceedings. Fifth International Workshop on Temporal Representation and Reasoning (Cat. No.98EX157).

[12]  Calton Pu,et al.  Continual Queries for Internet Scale Event-Driven Information Delivery , 1999, IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng..

[13]  Sharma Chakravarthy,et al.  Events and streams: harnessing and unleashing their synergy! , 2008, DEBS.

[14]  Balachander Krishnamurthy,et al.  READY: a high performance event notification service , 2000, Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Data Engineering (Cat. No.00CB37073).

[15]  François Bry,et al.  Towards Formal Foundations of Event Queries and Rules , 2007 .

[16]  Szabolcs Mikulás,et al.  Expressiveness Issues and Decision Problems for Active Database Event Queries , 2001, ICDT.

[17]  Rainer Unland,et al.  On the semantics of complex events in active database management systems , 1999, Proceedings 15th International Conference on Data Engineering (Cat. No.99CB36337).

[18]  Chaomei Chen,et al.  Visualising Semantic Spaces and Author Co-Citation Networks in Digital Libraries , 1999, Inf. Process. Manag..

[19]  Jan Carlson,et al.  Event Pattern Detection for Embedded Systems , 2007 .

[20]  Sharma Chakravarthy,et al.  Formal semantics of composite events for distributed environments , 1999, Proceedings 15th International Conference on Data Engineering (Cat. No.99CB36337).

[21]  Hector J. Levesque,et al.  Logical foundations of active databases , 2003 .

[22]  Alessandro Margara,et al.  Processing flows of information: From data stream to complex event processing , 2012, CSUR.

[23]  Sebastian Rudolph,et al.  Stream reasoning and complex event processing in ETALIS , 2012, Semantic Web.

[24]  Jean Bacon,et al.  Using events to build distributed applications , 1995, Second International Workshop on Services in Distributed and Networked Environments.

[25]  Das Amrita,et al.  Mining Association Rules between Sets of Items in Large Databases , 2013 .

[26]  K. Mani Chandy,et al.  07191 Abstracts Collection -- Event Processing , 2007, Event Processing.

[27]  Adrian Paschke,et al.  Rule-Based Event Processing and Reaction Rules , 2009, RuleML.

[28]  Jennifer Widom,et al.  The CQL continuous query language: semantic foundations and query execution , 2006, The VLDB Journal.

[29]  Michael Stonebraker,et al.  Monitoring Streams - A New Class of Data Management Applications , 2002, VLDB.

[30]  Norman W. Paton,et al.  Formal Specification of Active Database Functionality: A Survey , 1995, Rules in Database Systems.

[31]  Adrian Paschke.  ECA-RuleML: An Approach combining ECA Rules with temporal interval-based KR Event/Action Logics and Transactional Update Logics , 2006, ArXiv.

[32]  Klaus R. Dittrich,et al.  Time Issues in Active Database Systems , 1993 .

[33]  Alessandro Margara,et al.  Complex event processing with T-REX , 2012, J. Syst. Softw..

[34]  Annika Hinze.  A-mediAS: an adaptive event notification system , 2003, DEBS '03.

[35]  Sharma Chakravarthy,et al.  Seamless Event and Data Stream Processing: Reconciling Windows and Consumption Modes , 2011, DASFAA.

[36]  Carlo Zaniolo,et al.  Formal Semantics for Composite Temporal Events in Active Database Rules , 1997, J. Syst. Integr..

[37]  Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang,et al.  Predicate rewriting for translating Boolean queries in a heterogeneous information system , 1999, TOIS.

[38]  Narain H. Gehani,et al.  Composite Event Specification in Active Databases: Model & Implementation , 1992, VLDB.

[39]  Adrian Paschke,et al.  Semantic Rule-Based Complex Event Processing , 2009, RuleML.

[40]  Thomas Plagemann,et al.  Supporting multiple subscription languages by a single event notification overlay in sparse MANETs , 2006, MobiDE '06.

[41]  Sharma Chakravarthy,et al.  Snoop: An Expressive Event Specification Language for Active Databases , 1994, Data Knowl. Eng..

[42]  Michael J. Franklin,et al.  Efficient Filtering of XML Documents for Selective Dissemination of Information , 2000, VLDB.

[43]  Opher Etzion,et al.  Amit - the situation manager , 2003, The VLDB Journal.

[44]  Yin Yang,et al.  Keyword search on relational data streams , 2007, SIGMOD '07.

[45]  Yanlei Diao,et al.  High-performance complex event processing over streams , 2006, SIGMOD Conference.

[46]  David Toman,et al.  Point-Based Temporal Extensions of SQL and Their Efficient Implementation , 1997, Temporal Databases, Dagstuhl.

[47]  Gerti Kappel,et al.  Composite events for xml , 2004, WWW '04.

[48]  Iluju Kiringa.  Specifying Event Logics for Active Databases , 2002, KRDB.

[49]  Letizia Tanca,et al.  A structured approach for the definition of the semantics of active databases , 1995, TODS.

[50]  Calton Pu,et al.  Supporting Internet Applications beyond Browsing: Trigger Processing and Change Notification (Extended Abstract) , 1999, ICSC.

[51]  Shamkant B. Navathe,et al.  A Temporal Relational Model and a Query Language , 1989, Inf. Sci..

[52]  Ken Moody,et al.  The SpaTeC composite event language for spatio-temporal reasoning in mobile systems , 2009, DEBS '09.

[53]  Jonathan Goldstein,et al.  Consistent Streaming Through Time: A Vision for Event Stream Processing , 2006, CIDR.

[54]  Opher Etzion,et al.  Event Processing Language Tutorial , 2009 .

[55]  Andreas Geppert,et al.  Event-based distributed work-flow execution with eve , 2009 .

[56]  Sebastian Rudolph,et al.  A Rule-Based Language for Complex Event Processing and Reasoning , 2010, RR.

[57]  Klaus R. Dittrich,et al.  Events in an Active Object-Oriented Database System , 1993, Rules in Database Systems.

[58]  Sharma Chakravarthy,et al.  Formalization and Detection of Events Using Interval-Based Semantics , 2005, COMAD.

[59]  David S. Rosenblum,et al.  Achieving scalability and expressiveness in an Internet-scale event notification service , 2000, PODC '00.

[60]  Sharma Chakravarthy,et al.  Composite Events for Active Databases: Semantics, Contexts and Detection , 1994, VLDB.

[61]  John McCarthy,et al.  Actions and Other Events in Situation Calculus , 2002, KR.

[62]  David Evans,et al.  Implementing a Practical Spatio-Temporal Composite Event Language , 2010, From Active Data Management to Event-Based Systems and More.

[63]  Annika Marie Hinze.  A-MEDIAS: concept and design of an adaptive integrating event notification service , 2003 .

[64]  Annika Hinze,et al.  A Meta-service for Event Notification , 2004, CoopIS/DOA/ODBASE.

[65]  Juan Carlos Augusto,et al.  Two Approaches to Event Definition , 2002, DEXA.

[66]  David Luckham,et al.  The power of events - an introduction to complex event processing in distributed enterprise systems , 2002, RuleML.

[67]  Balachander Krishnamurthy,et al.  Yeast: A General Purpose Event-Action System , 1995, IEEE Trans. Software Eng..

[68]  Samuel Madden,et al.  Fjording the stream: an architecture for queries over streaming sensor data , 2002, Proceedings 18th International Conference on Data Engineering.

[69]  Xiaodong Chen,et al.  Discovering Temporal Association Rules in Temporal Databases , 1998, IADT.

[70]  CugolaGianpaolo,et al.  Processing flows of information , 2012 .

[71]  Opher Etzion,et al.  Event Processing in Action , 2010 .

[72]  Sharma Chakravarthy,et al.  SnoopIB: Interval-based event specification and detection for active databases , 2003, Data Knowl. Eng..

[73]  David S. Rosenblum,et al.  Design and evaluation of a wide-area event notification service , 2001, TOCS.

[74]  Claudia Roncancio,et al.  Toward Duration-Based, Constrained and Dynamic Event Types , 1997, ARTDB.

[75]  Suzanne W. Dietrich,et al.  Filtering features for a composite event definition language , 2006, International Symposium on Applications and the Internet (SAINT'06).

[76]  Peter R. Pietzuch,et al.  A Framework for Event Composition in Distributed Systems , 2003, Middleware.

[77]  Tim Bass.  Mythbusters: event stream processing versus complex event processing , 2007, DEBS '07.

[78]  Marek J. Sergot,et al.  A logic-based calculus of events , 1989, New Generation Computing.

[79]  Tino Breddin,et al.  Time to the Rescue - Supporting Temporal Reasoning in the Rete Algorithm for Complex Event Processing , 2008, DEXA.

[80]  M. Dekhil,et al.  ReCEPtor : Sensing Complex Events in Data Streams for Service-Oriented Architectures , 2007 .

[81]  Sharma Chakravarthy,et al.  Stream Data Processing: A Quality of Service Perspective - Modeling, Scheduling, Load Shedding, and Complex Event Processing , 2009, Advances in Database Systems.

[82]  Rainer Unland,et al.  A General Model for Event Specification in Active Database Management Systems , 1997, DOOD.

[83]  Dan Suciu,et al.  Processing XML streams with deterministic automata and stream indexes , 2004, TODS.

[84]  Daniel Graff,et al.  Design and Implementation of the Rebeca Publish/Subscribe Middleware , 2010, From Active Data Management to Event-Based Systems and More.

[85]  Young-Koo Lee,et al.  Sliding window-based frequent pattern mining over data streams , 2009, Inf. Sci..

[86]  Eiko Yoneki,et al.  ECCO : data centric asynchronous communication , 2006 .

[87]  Piotr Indyk,et al.  Maintaining Stream Statistics over Sliding Windows , 2002, SIAM J. Comput..

[88]  Rainer Unland,et al.  A FORMAL FOUNDATION OF THE SEMANTICS OF COMPLEX EVENTS IN ACTIVE DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS , 2002 .

[89]  Bertram Ludäscher,et al.  On Logical Foundations of Active Databases , 1998, Logics for Databases and Information Systems.

[90]  Sharma Chakravarthy,et al.  Data stream management system for MavHome , 2004, SAC '04.

[91]  Erik Hollnagel,et al.  Time and time again , 2002 .

[92]  Lukasz Golab,et al.  Issues in data stream management , 2003, SGMD.

[93]  Hans-Arno Jacobsen,et al.  Composite Subscriptions in Content-Based Publish/Subscribe Systems , 2005, Middleware.

[94]  Bing Wu,et al.  PLAN: a framework and specification language with an event-condition-action (ECA) mechanism for clinical test request protocols , 2001, Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[95]  Annika Hinze,et al.  Event notification services: analysis and transformation of profile definition languages , 2004 .

[96]  Sharma Chakravarthy,et al.  Formalization and Detection of Events over a Sliding Window in Active Databases Using Interval-Based Semantics , 2004, ADBIS.

[97]  M. Mansouri-Samani,et al.  Monitoring distributed systems , 1993, IEEE Network.

[98]  JÜRGEN KRÄMER,et al.  Semantics and implementation of continuous sliding window queries over data streams , 2009, TODS.

[99]  Adarshpal S. Sethi,et al.  SEL, a new event pattern specification language for event correlation , 2001, Proceedings Tenth International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (Cat. No.01EX495).

[100]  Sharma Chakravarthy,et al.  The HiPAC Project , 1996, Active Database Systems: Triggers and Rules For Advanced Database Processing.

[101]  Sven Bittner,et al.  Efficient distribution-based event filtering , 2002, Proceedings 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops.

[102]  A. Prasad Sistla,et al.  Temporal conditions and integrity constraints in active database systems , 1995, SIGMOD '95.

[103]  Samuel Madden,et al.  ZStream: a cost-based query processor for adaptively detecting composite events , 2009, SIGMOD Conference.

[104]  Frank van Harmelen,et al.  Handbook of Knowledge Representation , 2008, Handbook of Knowledge Representation.

[105]  Calton Pu,et al.  CQ: a personalized update monitoring toolkit , 1998, SIGMOD '98.

[106]  Nesime Tatbul,et al.  Efficiently correlating complex events over live and archived data streams , 2011, DEBS '11.

[107]  Jonas Mellin,et al.  Resource-Predictable and Efficient Monitoring of Events , 2004 .

[108]  Peter Pietzuch.  Hermes: A scalable event-based middleware , 2004 .

[109]  Narain H. Gehani,et al.  Event specification in an active object-oriented database , 1992, SIGMOD '92.

[110]  Shonali Krishnaswamy,et al.  Mining data streams: a review , 2005, SGMD.

[111]  Klaus R. Dittrich,et al.  Detecting composite events in active database systems using Petri nets , 1994, Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Research Issues in Data Engineering: Active Databases Systems.

[112]  David S. Rosenblum,et al.  Achieving expressiveness and scalability in an internet-scale event notification service , 2000, ACM SIGACT-SIGOPS Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing.

[113]  David C. Luckham,et al.  An Event-Based Architecture Definition Language , 1995, IEEE Trans. Software Eng..

[114]  Jennifer Widom,et al.  STREAM: The Stanford Data Stream Management System , 2016, Data Stream Management.

[115]  Philip S. Yu,et al.  Mining Data Streams , 2005, The Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook.

[116]  Annika Hinze,et al.  Event-based applications and enabling technologies , 2009, DEBS '09.

[117]  Frederick Reiss,et al.  TelegraphCQ: continuous dataflow processing , 2003, SIGMOD '03.

[118]  Peter R. Pietzuch,et al.  Composite event detection as a generic middleware extension , 2004, IEEE Network.