Ecosystem services of peatlands: Implications for restoration

The aim of this overview paper is to analyse the inclusion and use of the ecosystem services concept in scientific studies of degraded peatlands and peatland restoration. Publications indexed by the Institute of Science Information (ISI) Web of Science (WoS) from 1980 to October 2009 were analysed. Word combinations relevant to peatland ecosystem services in the title, keywords and abstract were used. We followed the division of ecosystem services into four categories: supporting, regulating, provisioning and cultural, as provided by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). The analysis indicated that the concept of ecosystem services is not referred to explicitly in ISI WoS studies on peatland restoration. The interpretation of the content identified using search phrases related to various beneficial functions of peatlands showed that they mainly include information on regulating and supporting ecosystem services critical to sustaining vital ecosystem functions that deliver benefits to people. There are only a few articles addressing provisioning and cultural ecosystem services. One of the key issues concerning the effect of peatland restoration in the provisioning of ecosystem services is the balance of greenhouse gases and their role in global climate regulation.

[1]  Damon M. Hall,et al.  Obscuring Ecosystem Function with Application of the Ecosystem Services Concept , 2010, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[2]  A. Newton,et al.  Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis , 2009, Science.

[3]  Margaret A. Palmer,et al.  Restoration of Ecosystem Services for Environmental Markets , 2009, Science.

[4]  Maria Strack,et al.  Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Canadian Peat Extraction and Restoration , 2009, Ambio.

[5]  How can we effectively restore species richness and natural composition of a Molinia-invaded fen? , 2009 .

[6]  H. Rydin,et al.  Competitive hierarchy, but no competitive exclusions in experiments with rich fen bryophytes , 2009 .

[7]  S. Carpenter,et al.  Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[8]  Lee E. Brown,et al.  Environmental effects of drainage, drain-blocking and prescribed vegetation burning in UK upland peatlands , 2009 .

[9]  A. Bonn.  Drivers of Environmental Change in Uplands , 2009 .

[10]  P. Mccormick,et al.  Forms and accumulation of soil P in natural and recently restored peatlands—Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, USA , 2005, Wetlands.

[11]  T. Moore,et al.  Carbon dioxide and methane production potentials of peats from natural, harvested and restored sites, eastern Québec, Canada , 2004, Wetlands.

[12]  M. Mazerolle,et al.  Effects of peat mining intensity on green frog (Rana clamitans) occurrence in bog ponds , 2003, Wetlands.

[13]  Nigel T. Roulet,et al.  Peatlands, carbon storage, greenhouse gases, and the Kyoto Protocol: Prospects and significance for Canada , 2000, Wetlands.

[14]  J. Price,et al.  Rewetting of a cutover peatland: Hydrologic assessment , 1997, Wetlands.

[15]  Paul A. Keddy,et al.  Wet and Wonderful: The World's Largest Wetlands are Conservation Priorities , 2009 .

[16]  Åsa Jansson,et al.  Accounting for Ecosystems , 2009 .

[17]  Kevin L. Erwin.  Wetlands and global climate change: the role of wetland restoration in a changing world , 2009, Wetlands Ecology and Management.

[18]  S. Limin,et al.  Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in drained tropical peat before and after hydrological restoration. , 2008, Ecology.

[19]  K. Rutchey,et al.  MULTIPLE REGIME SHIFTS IN A SUBTROPICAL PEATLAND: COMMUNITY‐SPECIFIC THRESHOLDS TO EUTROPHICATION , 2008 .

[20]  Marcus Collier,et al.  Industrially Harvested Peatlands and After-use Potential: Understanding Local Stakeholder Narratives and Landscape Preferences , 2008 .

[21]  Pamela A Matson,et al.  Ecosystem services: From theory to implementation , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[22]  David Johnson,et al.  Contribution of plant photosynthate to soil respiration and dissolved organic carbon in a naturally recolonising cutover peatland , 2008 .

[23]  R. Bourbonniere,et al.  Dissolved organic carbon export from a cutover and restored peatland , 2008 .

[24]  G. Gerold,et al.  Small scale controls of greenhouse gas release under elevated N deposition rates in a restoring peat bog in NW Germany , 2008 .

[25]  J. Waddington,et al.  Net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a cutover peatland rehabilitated with a transplanted acrotelm , 2008 .

[26]  David Johnson,et al.  Interactions among fungal community structure, litter decomposition and depth of water table in a cutover peatland. , 2008, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[27]  S. Page,et al.  Peat–water interrelationships in a tropical peatland ecosystem in Southeast Asia , 2008 .

[28]  A. Buttler,et al.  Cut‐over peatland regeneration assessment using organic matter and microbial indicators (bacteria and testate amoebae) , 2008 .

[29]  Piotr Banaszuk,et al.  Effects of climatic fluctuations and land-use changes on the hydrology of temperate fluviogenous mire , 2008 .

[30]  H. Joosten,et al.  GROWING GROWING MEDIA: PROMISES OF SPHAGNUM BIOMASS , 2008 .

[31]  T. Minayeva,et al.  Assessment on Peatlands, Biodiversity and Climate Change , 2008 .

[32]  G. Daily,et al.  The Ecosystem Services Framework and Natural Capital Conservation , 2008 .

[33]  H. Rydin,et al.  Long-term effects of drainage and initial effects of hydrological restoration on rich fen vegetation , 2008 .

[34]  L. Rochefort,et al.  Polytrichum strictum as a Nurse‐Plant in Peatland Restoration , 2007 .

[35]  G. Daily,et al.  The Nature and Value of Ecosystem Services: An Overview Highlighting Hydrologic Services , 2007 .

[36]  Mathieu Rouget,et al.  Integrating ecosystem services into conservation assessments: a review. , 2007 .

[37]  J. Waddington,et al.  Methane emissions from a peatland following restoration , 2007 .

[38]  T. Moore,et al.  Regulation of Decomposition and Methane Dynamics across Natural, Commercially Mined, and Restored Northern Peatlands , 2007, Ecosystems.

[39]  E. Tuittila,et al.  Carbon sink function of sedge and Sphagnum patches in a restored cut‐away peatland: increased functional diversity leads to higher production , 2007 .

[40]  Jan Jacob Kieckbusch,et al.  Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics of a re-wetted shallow-flooded peatland. , 2007, The Science of the total environment.

[41]  Eero Kubin,et al.  Fertilization ensures rapid formation of ground vegetation on cut-away peatlands , 2007 .

[42]  D. Zak,et al.  The mobilisation of phosphorus, organic carbon and ammonium in the initial stage of fen rewetting (a case study from NE Germany) , 2007 .

[43]  M. Trepel.  Evaluation of the implementation of a goal-oriented peatland rehabilitation plan , 2007 .

[44]  E. Tuittila,et al.  Carbon dioxide dynamics of a restored maritime peatland , 2007 .

[45]  H. Rydin,et al.  The regeneration capabilities of bryophytes for rich fen restoration , 2007 .

[46]  W. Verberk,et al.  Persistence and recolonisation determine success of bog restoration for aquatic invertebrates: a comment on Mazerolle et al. (2006) , 2007 .

[47]  Soili Kojola,et al.  Greenhouse impact due to different peat fuel utilisation chains in Finland — a life-cycle approach , 2007 .

[48]  Jonathan S. Price,et al.  Hydrological changes following restoration of the Bois-des-Bel Peatland, Quebec, 1999 2002 , 2006 .

[49]  R. Raine,et al.  Transition from P- to N-limited phytoplankton growth in an artificial lake on flooded cutaway peatland in Ireland , 2006 .

[50]  D. Epron,et al.  Carbon balance of a European mountain bog at contrasting stages of regeneration. , 2006, The New phytologist.

[51]  J. Price,et al.  Characterization of surface storage and runoff patterns following peatland restoration, Quebec, Canada , 2006 .

[52]  Gretchen C Daily,et al.  Conservation Planning for Ecosystem Services , 2006, PLoS biology.

[53]  J. Holden,et al.  Drain blocking: an effective treatment for reducing dissolved organic carbon loss and water discolouration in a drained peatland. , 2006, The Science of the total environment.

[54]  V. Konovalchuk,et al.  THE RESOURCES OF WILD LOWBUSH BLUEBERRIES (VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS L., V. ULIGONOSUM L.) AND HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY CULTURE IN UKRAINE , 2006 .

[55]  A. Francez,et al.  The physicochemical and microbiological status of a restored bog in Québec: Identification of relevant criteria to monitor success , 2006 .

[56]  Douglas A. Wilcox,et al.  A water-budget approach to restoring a sedge fen affected by diking and ditching , 2006 .

[57]  M. Mazerolle,et al.  Animal and vegetation patterns in natural and man-made bog pools: implications for restoration , 2006 .

[58]  J. Boyd,et al.  What are Ecosystem Services? The Need for Standardized Environmental Accounting Units , 2006 .

[59]  R. Leuven,et al.  Effects of Rewetting Measures in Dutch Raised Bog Remnants on Assemblages of Aquatic Rotifera and Microcrustaceans , 2006, Hydrobiologia.

[60]  C. Trettin,et al.  Influence of climate change factors on carbon dynamics in northern forested peatlands , 2006 .

[61]  Joseph Holden,et al.  Peatland hydrology and carbon release: why small-scale process matters , 2005, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[62]  E. Tuittila,et al.  Nitrate uptake by Eriophorum vaginatum controls N2O production in a restored peatland , 2005 .

[63]  Ivana Hazuková.  Growth response of downy birch (Betula pubescens) to moisture treatment at a cut-over peat bog in the Šumava Mts., Czech Republic , 2005 .

[64]  T. Moore,et al.  Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Canadian Peat Extraction, 1990–2000: A Life-cycle Analysis , 2005, Ambio.

[65]  J. Price,et al.  Simulating soil water dynamics in a cutover bog , 2004 .

[66]  P. Bodegom,et al.  Restoring natural seepage conditions on former agricultural grasslands does not lead to reduction of organic matter decomposition and soil nutrient dynamics , 2004 .

[67]  E. Tuittila,et al.  Sensitivity of C Sequestration in Reintroduced Sphagnum to Water‐Level Variation in a Cutaway Peatland , 2004 .

[68]  J. Price,et al.  Experimental restoration of a fen plant community after peat mining , 2004 .

[69]  M. Trepel,et al.  WETTRANS: a flow‐path‐oriented decision‐support system for the assessment of water and nitrogen exchange in riparian peatlands , 2004 .

[70]  J. Price,et al.  The influence of past and present hydrological conditions on Sphagnum recolonization and succession in a block‐cut bog, Québec , 2004 .

[71]  S. Davis,et al.  The conservation management value of testate amoebae as ‘restoration’ indicators: speculations based on two damaged raised mires in northwest England , 2004 .

[72]  Tim R. Moore,et al.  The role of cotton-grass (Eriophorum vaginatum) in the exchange of CO2 and CH4 at two restored peatlands, eastern Canada1 , 2004 .

[73]  R. Petrone,et al.  Statistical characterization of the spatial variability of soil moisture in a cutover peatland , 2004 .

[74]  E. Gorham,et al.  Peatland restoration: A brief assessment with special reference to Sphagnum bogs , 2003, Wetlands Ecology and Management.

[75]  D. Boeye,et al.  A local rich fen fed by calcareous seepage from an artificial river water infiltration system , 1996, Vegetatio.

[76]  M. Wassen,et al.  A comparison of fens in natural and artificial landscapes , 1996, Vegetatio.

[77]  R. A. Robertson.  Peat, horticulture and environment , 1993, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[78]  J. Roelofs,et al.  The restoration of fens in the Netherlands , 2002, Hydrobiologia.

[79]  Steve Chapman,et al.  Exploitation of northern peatlands and biodiversity maintenance: a conflict between economy and ecology , 2003 .

[80]  R. Petrone,et al.  Mulch decomposition impedes recovery of net carbon sink function in a restored peatland , 2003 .

[81]  R. Aerts,et al.  Is the relation between nutrient supply and biodiversity co-determined by the type of nutrient limitation? , 2003 .

[82]  Karsten Kalbitz,et al.  Dissolved organic matter properties and their relationship to carbon dioxide efflux from restored peat bogs , 2003 .

[83]  J. Waddington,et al.  Moisture controls on Sphagnum growth and CO2 exchange on a cutover bog , 2003 .

[84]  Line Rochefort,et al.  Determining the immigration potential of plants colonizing disturbed environments: the case of milled peatlands in Quebec , 2003 .

[85]  Rik Leemans,et al.  Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment , 2003 .

[86]  J. Holdena,et al.  Artificial drainage of peatlands : hydrological and hydrochemical process and wetland restoration , 2003 .

[87]  L. Rochefort,et al.  Does prolonged flooding prevent or enhance regeneration and growth of Sphagnum , 2002 .

[88]  J. Waddington,et al.  Peat oxidation in an abandoned cutover peatland , 2002 .

[89]  J. Price,et al.  Towards a conceptual model of hydrological change on an abandoned cutover bog, Quebec , 2002 .

[90]  A. Buttler,et al.  Contrasted effects of increased N and CO2 supply on two keystone species in peatland restoration and implications for global change , 2002 .

[91]  R. D. Groot,et al.  A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services , 2002 .

[92]  K. Regina,et al.  Gaseous nitrogen loss from a restored peatland buffer zone , 2002 .

[93]  M. Trepel,et al.  Denitrification in drained and rewetted minerotrophic peat soils in Northern Germany (Pohnsdorfer Stauung) , 2002 .

[94]  M. Thériault,et al.  The Regeneration of a Highly Disturbed Ecosystem: A Mined Peatland in Southern Québec , 2002, Ecosystems.

[95]  J. Waddington,et al.  Cutover peatlands: A persistent source of atmospheric CO2 , 2002 .

[96]  J. Rieley,et al.  Wise use of mires and peatlands , 2002 .

[97]  H. Vasander,et al.  Ecohydrological and vegetational changes in a restored bog and fen , 2002 .

[98]  R. Petrone,et al.  Ecosystem scale evapotranspiration and net CO2 exchange from a restored peatland , 2001 .

[99]  C. J. Beauchamp,et al.  Vacuum-extraction of peatlands disturbs bacterial population and microbial biomass carbon , 2001 .

[100]  Chris Freeman,et al.  Molecular weight spectra of dissolved organic carbon in a rewetted Welsh peatland and possible implications for water quality , 2001 .

[101]  A. Large.  Reversing spontaneous succession to protect high-value vegetation: Assessment of two Scottish mires using rapid survey techniques , 2001 .

[102]  F. Warren,et al.  Peat CO2 production in a natural and cutover peatland: Implications for restoration , 2001 .

[103]  A. Grootjans,et al.  Rehabilitation of acidified and eutrophied fens in The Netherlands: Effects of hydrologic manipulation and liming , 2001 .

[104]  J. Pfadenhauer,et al.  Cultivation of Typha spp. in constructed wetlands for peatland restoration , 2001 .

[105]  G. Daily,et al.  Conserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services , 2001, Science.

[106]  Jeffrey P. Chanton,et al.  Greenhouse carbon balance of wetlands: methane emission versus carbon sequestration , 2001 .

[107]  J. Waddington,et al.  Atmospheric CO2 sequestration in restored mined peatlands , 2001 .

[108]  C. Cox,et al.  The Archaeological Significance of Patterns of Anomalous Vegetation on a Raised Mire in the Solway Estuary and the Processes Involved in their Formation , 2001 .

[109]  H. Vasander,et al.  Effects of water level and nutrients on spatial distribution of soil mesofauna in peatlands drained for forestry in Finland , 2001 .

[110]  J. Waddington,et al.  EFFECT OF PEATLAND DRAINAGE, HARVESTING, AND RESTORATION ON ATMOSPHERIC WATER AND CARBON EXCHANGE , 2000 .

[111]  A. Francez,et al.  Distribution of potential CO2 and CH4 productions, denitrification and microbial biomass C and N in the profileof a restored peatland in Brittany (France) , 2000 .

[112]  Hannu Nykänen,et al.  Methane dynamics of a restored cut‐away peatland , 2000 .

[113]  Joan G. Ehrenfeld,et al.  Defining the Limits of Restoration: The Need for Realistic Goals , 2000 .

[114]  C. Lavoie,et al.  The natural revegetation of a vacuum-mined peatland: Eight years of monitoring. , 2000 .

[115]  E. Tuittila,et al.  Restored cut-away peatland as a sink for atmospheric CO2 , 1999, Oecologia.

[116]  J. Spieksma.  Changes in the discharge pattern of a cutover raised bog during rewetting , 1999 .

[117]  J. Price,et al.  Energy and moisture considerations on cutover peatlands: surface microtopography, mulch cover and Sphagnum regeneration , 1998 .

[118]  J. Joy,et al.  The effects of flooding on the survival and behaviour of overwintering large heath butterfly Coenonympha tullia larvae , 1997 .

[119]  L. Rochefort,et al.  Restoration techniques for Sphagnum-dominated peatlands , 1997 .

[120]  A. Buttler,et al.  Vertical patterns of testate amoebae (Protozoa: Rhizopoda) and peat-forming vegetation on cutover bogs in the Jura, Switzerland , 1996 .

[121]  L. Rochefort,et al.  The natural revegetation of a harvested peatland in southern Québec: A spatial and dendroecological analysis , 1996 .

[122]  D. Boeye,et al.  A recent transformation from poor to rich fen caused by artificial groundwater recharge , 1995 .

[123]  P T Pigott,et al.  MAJOR CANAL RECONSTRUCTION IN PEAT AREAS. , 1992 .