Highly Efficient Organic Electrooptic Materials and Their Hybrid Systems for Advanced Photonic Devices

This review summarizes recent development of highly efficient organic electricoptic (OEO) materials and their applications in hybrid photonic devices. New generation of highly efficient EO polymers possessing large Pockels coefficients of 200-250 pm/V at 1.3 μm and excellent thermal and photochemical stability have been developed for advanced photonic devices. In addition, new pyroelectric poling process provides an efficient and reliable high field poling for EO polymers in multilayered thin films and nanophotonic waveguides. Using OEO materials as a key enabling element, significant progress has been made in the development of innovative hybrid EO devices, including EO polymer hybrid nanophotonic waveguides with high-index semiconductors, all polymer- and polymer/sol-gel-based EO modulators using low-refractive-index cladding layers, and EO polymer-based electric field sensors. At the end, this review also provides an outlook of future development of OEO materials and their hybrid systems for advanced photonic technologies.

[1]  Michael Hochberg,et al.  Silicon photonics: Slot machine , 2009 .

[2]  D Hillerkuss,et al.  42.7 Gbit/s electro-optic modulator in silicon technology. , 2011, Optics express.

[3]  Ray T. Chen,et al.  Polymeric waveguide prism-based electro-optic beam deflector , 2001 .

[4]  Che-Yun Lin,et al.  Demonstration of a Linearized Traveling Wave Y-Fed Directional Coupler Modulator Based on Electro-Optic Polymer , 2011, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[5]  Jingdong Luo,et al.  Electric-field sensors utilizing coupling between a D-fiber and an electro-optic polymer slab. , 2011, Applied optics.

[6]  Antao Chen,et al.  Efficient poling of electro-optic polymers in thin films and silicon slot waveguides by detachable pyroelectric crystals. , 2012, Advanced materials.

[7]  Emily M. Heckman,et al.  Polymeric waveguide electro-optic beam-steering device with DNA biopolymer conductive cladding layers , 2012 .

[8]  M. Ziari,et al.  Monolithic integration of waveguide polymer electrooptic modulators on VLSI circuitry , 1996, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[9]  Xiaolong Wang,et al.  Effective in-device r33 of 735 pm/V on electro-optic polymer infiltrated silicon photonic crystal slot waveguides. , 2011, Optics letters.

[10]  A. Jen,et al.  Facile structure and property tuning through alteration of ring structures in conformationally locked phenyltetraene nonlinear optical chromophores , 2011 .

[11]  Jingdong Luo,et al.  Electro-optic polymer/TiO2 multilayer slot waveguide modulators , 2013, 2014 IEEE Photonics Conference.

[12]  David J. Thomson,et al.  Silicon optical modulators , 2010 .

[13]  Jingdong Luo,et al.  Tailored Organic Electro-optic Materials and Their Hybrid Systems for Device Applications† , 2011 .

[14]  David A. B. Miller,et al.  Device Requirements for Optical Interconnects to Silicon Chips , 2009, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[15]  Martin Hilbert,et al.  The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information , 2011, Science.

[16]  Jingdong Luo,et al.  Achieving excellent electro-optic activity and thermal stability in poled polymers through an expeditious crosslinking process , 2012 .

[17]  Jingdong Luo,et al.  Electro-optic polymer cladding ring resonator modulators. , 2008, Optics express.

[18]  David A B Miller,et al.  Energy consumption in optical modulators for interconnects. , 2012, Optics express.

[19]  A. Jen,et al.  A Triptycene-Containing Chromophore for Improved Temporal Stability of Highly Efficient Guest−Host Electrooptic Polymers , 2011 .

[20]  R. Norwood,et al.  Hybrid polymer/sol–gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro–optic coefficients , 2007 .

[21]  Antao Chen,et al.  Achieving Higher Modulation Efficiency in Electrooptic Polymer Modulator With Slotted Silicon Waveguide , 2011, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[22]  T. Baehr‐Jones,et al.  Silicon-polymer hybrid slot waveguide ring-resonator modulator. , 2011, Optics express.

[23]  A. Jen,et al.  Push–pull tetraene chromophores derived from dialkylaminophenyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl and julolidinyl moieties: optimization of second-order optical nonlinearity by fine-tuning the strength of electron-donating groups , 2012 .

[24]  R. Norwood,et al.  Alignment-free fabrication of a hybrid electro-optic polymer/ion-exchange glass coplanar modulator. , 2010, Optics express.

[25]  Jingdong Luo,et al.  Highly efficient electro-optic polymers through improved poling using a thin TiO2-modified transparent electrode , 2010 .

[26]  Brian M. Flusche,et al.  Radiation resistance of electro-optic polymer-based modulators , 2005 .

[27]  Donald M. Burland,et al.  SECOND-ORDER NONLINEARITY IN POLED-POLYMER SYSTEMS , 1994 .

[28]  Jingdong Luo,et al.  Short hybrid polymer/sol-gel silica waveguide switches with high in-device electro-optic coefficient based on photostable chromophore , 2011 .

[29]  Ray T. Chen,et al.  High dynamic range electric field sensor for electromagnetic pulse detection. , 2011, Optics express.

[30]  Jingdong Luo,et al.  Enhanced temporal stability of a highly efficient guest–host electro-optic polymer through a barrier layer assisted poling process , 2012 .

[31]  R A Norwood,et al.  High Deltan strip-loaded electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator with low insertion loss. , 2009, Optics express.

[32]  Michael B. A. Oldstone,et al.  Broadband Modulation of Light by Using an Electro-Optic Polymer , 2002 .

[33]  Ray T. Chen,et al.  Electroptic Polymer Linear Modulators Based on Multiple-Domain Y-Fed Directional Coupler , 2010, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[34]  Antao Chen,et al.  All-Dielectric Electrooptic Sensor Based on a Polymer Microresonator Coupled Side-Polished Optical Fiber , 2007, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[35]  Larry R Dalton,et al.  Electric field poled organic electro-optic materials: state of the art and future prospects. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[36]  C. Zhang,et al.  Optical Transmission Stability of Hybrid Sol–Gel Silica/Electrooptic Polymer Waveguide Modulators , 2011, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.