New multiple-herbicide crop resistance and formulation technology to augment the utility of glyphosate.

Glyphosate has performed long and well, but now some weed communities are shifting to populations that survive glyphosate, and growers need new weed management technologies to augment glyphosate performance in glyphosate-resistant crops. Unfortunately, most companies are not developing any new selective herbicides with new modes of action to fill this need. Fortunately, companies are developing new herbicide-resistant crop technologies to combine with glyphosate resistance and expand the utility of existing herbicides. One of the first multiple-herbicide-resistant crops will have a molecular stack of a new metabolically based glyphosate resistance mechanism with an active-site-based resistance to a broad spectrum of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Additionally, new formulation technology called homogeneous blends will be used in conjunction with glyphosate and ALS-resistant crops. This formulation technology satisfies governmental regulations, so that new herbicide mixture offerings with diverse modes of action can be commercialized more rapidly and less expensively. Together, homogeneous blends and multiple-herbicide-resistant crops can offer growers a wider choice of herbicide mixtures at rates and ratios to augment glyphosate and satisfy changing weed management needs.

[1]  S. Padgette,et al.  Perspectives on Glyphosate Resistance , 1997, Weed Technology.

[2]  J. Gressel,et al.  Generation of transgenic asulam-resistant potatoes to facilitate eradication of parasitic broomrapes (Orobanche spp.), with the sul gene as the selectable marker , 1998, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[3]  D. Werck-Reichhart,et al.  Engineering Herbicide Metabolism in Tobacco and Arabidopsis with CYP76B1, a Cytochrome P450 Enzyme from Jerusalem Artichoke1 , 2002, Plant Physiology.

[4]  U. Kutschka,et al.  Expression of a bacterial gene in transgenic plants confers resistance to the herbicide phenmedipham , 1994, Plant Molecular Biology.

[5]  J. Williams,et al.  The segregation of particulate materials. A review , 1976 .

[6]  D. Buhler,et al.  50th Anniversary—Invited Article: Challenges and opportunities for integrated weed management , 2002, Weed Science.

[7]  M. Georgeson,et al.  Herbicide-tolerant mutants of corn , 1989 .

[8]  P. Burma,et al.  Development of 2,4-D-resistant transgenics in Indian oilseed mustard (Brassica juncea) , 2004 .

[9]  Dale L. Shaner,et al.  The impact of glyphosate‐tolerant crops on the use of other herbicides and on resistance management , 2000 .

[10]  P. Tranel,et al.  Resistance of weeds to ALS-inhibiting herbicides: what have we learned? , 2002 .

[11]  K. N. Reddy,et al.  Glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible soybean (Glycine max) and canola (Brassica napus) dose response and metabolism relationships with glyphosate. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[12]  S. Padgette,et al.  Glyphosate-resistant crops: adoption, use and future considerations. , 2008, Pest management science.

[13]  D. Shah,et al.  Amino acid biosynthesis inhibitors as herbicides. , 1988, Annual review of biochemistry.

[14]  Robert J. Keenan,et al.  The Molecular Basis of Glyphosate Resistance by an Optimized Microbial Acetyltransferase* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[15]  C. Swanton,et al.  Weed control and yield are improved when glyphosate is preceded by a residual herbicide in glyphosate-tolerant maize (Zea mays) , 2006 .

[16]  S. Matteson,et al.  Herbicide-Resistant Mutants from Tobacco Cell Cultures , 1984, Science.

[17]  Joe E. Toler,et al.  Corn Leaf Orientation Effects on Light Interception, Intraspecific Competition, and Grain Yields , 1999 .

[18]  D. Weeks,et al.  A Three-component Dicamba O-Demethylase from Pseudomonas maltophilia, Strain DI-6 , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[19]  Atul Puri,et al.  Molecular evolution of herbicide resistance to phytoene desaturase inhibitors in Hydrilla verticillata and its potential use to generate herbicide-resistant crops. , 2005, Pest management science.

[20]  J. O'donovan,et al.  Metabolism-based resistance of a wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) biotype to ethametsulfuron-methyl. , 2000, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[21]  S. Duke,et al.  Potential environmental impacts of herbicide-resistant crops. , 2005 .

[22]  T. C. Mueller,et al.  Proactive Versus Reactive Management of Glyphosate-Resistant or -Tolerant Weeds1 , 2005, Weed Technology.

[23]  G. Hoffmeister,et al.  Fertilizer Consistency, Bulk Blending of Fertilizer Material: Effect of Size, Shape, and Density on Segregation , 1964 .

[24]  M. Matringe,et al.  p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor-resistant plants. , 2005, Pest management science.

[25]  Linda A. Castle,et al.  Discovery and Directed Evolution of a Glyphosate Tolerance Gene , 2004, Science.

[26]  M. Owen.  Weed species shifts in glyphosate-resistant crops. , 2008, Pest management science.

[27]  Evaluation of Corn (Zea mays L.) Yield-loss Estimations by WeedSOFT® in the North Central Region1 , 2005, Weed Technology.

[28]  Ganesh M. Kishore,et al.  Development, identification, and characterization of a glyphosate-tolerant soybean line , 1995 .

[29]  J. MacDonald,et al.  The composition of glyphosate-tolerant soybean seeds is equivalent to that of conventional soybeans. , 1996, The Journal of nutrition.

[30]  Lee A. Segel,et al.  Modelling the Effectiveness of Herbicide Rotations and Mixtures as Strategies to Delay or Preclude Resistance , 1990, Weed Technology.

[31]  R. Keenan,et al.  Evolution of a microbial acetyltransferase for modification of glyphosate: a novel tolerance strategy. , 2005, Pest management science.

[32]  Kathleen Y. Lee,et al.  The molecular basis of sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in tobacco , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[33]  R. Norris.  Weed fecundity: Current status and future needs , 2007 .

[34]  A. Holaday,et al.  Increased resistance to oxidative stress in transgenic plants that overexpress chloroplastic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[35]  Lim Jung Lee,et al.  A first report of glyphosate‐resistant goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L) Gaertn) in Malaysia , 2000 .

[36]  Christopher Preston,et al.  Herbicide resistance: Impact and management , 1996 .

[37]  Rick Llewellyn,et al.  Economics of pre-emptive management to avoid weed resistance to glyphosate in Australia , 2005 .

[38]  Jerry M. Green.  Maximizing Herbicide Efficiency with Mixtures and Expert Systems , 1991, Weed Technology.

[39]  A. Culpepper.  Glyphosate-Induced Weed Shifts1 , 2006, Weed Technology.

[40]  Xianggan Li,et al.  Development of PPO inhibitor-resistant cultures and crops. , 2005, Pest management science.

[41]  R. Norris.  Ecological Implications of Using Thresholds for Weed Management , 1999 .

[42]  T. Clemente,et al.  Dicamba Resistance: Enlarging and Preserving Biotechnology-Based Weed Management Strategies , 2007, Science.

[43]  H. Beckie,et al.  Herbicide-Resistant Weeds: Management Tactics and Practices1 , 2006, Weed Technology.

[44]  W. G. Johnson,et al.  Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds and Resistance Management Strategies: An Indiana Grower Perspective1 , 2006, Weed Technology.

[45]  Paul Neve,et al.  Herbicides used in combination can reduce the probability of herbicide resistance in finite weed populations , 2003 .

[46]  Christopher Preston,et al.  Evolved resistance to glyphosate in rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia , 1998, Weed Science.

[47]  Wendy A. Pline-Srnić.  Technical performance of some commercial glyphosate-resistant crops. , 2005, Pest management science.

[48]  Jerry M. Green.  Review of Glyphosate and Als-inhibiting Herbicide Crop Resistance and Resistant Weed Management , 2007, Weed Technology.

[49]  V. Buchanan-Wollaston,et al.  A plant selectable marker gene based on the detoxification of the herbicide dalapon , 1992, Plant Cell Reports.

[50]  S. Duke.  Taking stock of herbicide-resistant crops ten years after introduction. , 2005, Pest management science.