Recent progress on flexible lithium rechargeable batteries

Flexible lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have received considerable attention as a key component to enable future flexible electronic devices. A number of designs for flexible LIBs have been reported in recent years; in this article, we review recent progress. We focus on how flexibility can be introduced into each component of the LIB, including the active materials, electrolytes, separators, and current collectors. Approaches to integrating each component into a single device are described and the corresponding changes in the electrochemical and mechanical properties are discussed. Finally, the key challenges in the development of flexible LIBs are summarized.

[1]  Zhixin Chen,et al.  Silicon/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composite Paper as a Flexible Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries , 2010 .

[2]  Alexandru Vlad,et al.  Roll up nanowire battery from silicon chips , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[3]  D. Ugarte,et al.  Aligned Carbon Nanotube Films: Production and Optical and Electronic Properties , 1995, Science.

[4]  Matteo Pasquali,et al.  Carbon nanotube-based neat fibers , 2008 .

[5]  R. Whitby,et al.  Geometric control and tuneable pore size distribution of buckypaper and buckydiscs , 2008 .

[6]  F. M. Gray.  Solid Polymer Electrolytes: Fundamentals and Technological Applications , 1991 .

[7]  Yuki Kato,et al.  A lithium superionic conductor. , 2011, Nature materials.

[8]  Shuo Chen,et al.  High-power lithium batteries from functionalized carbon-nanotube electrodes. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[9]  Shing‐Jong Huang,et al.  Supplementary Information for , 2013 .

[10]  L. Brinson,et al.  Electrically Conductive “Alkylated” Graphene Paper via Chemical Reduction of Amine‐Functionalized Graphene Oxide Paper , 2010, Advanced materials.

[11]  Yi Cui,et al.  Thin, flexible secondary Li-ion paper batteries. , 2010, ACS nano.

[12]  K. R. Atkinson,et al.  Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Downsizing an Ancient Technology , 2004, Science.

[13]  Y. Gun’ko,et al.  Recent Advances in Research on Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composites , 2010, Advanced materials.

[14]  A. Stephan,et al.  Review on gel polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries , 2006 .

[15]  Jun Liu,et al.  Free-standing V2O5 electrode for flexible lithium ion batteries , 2011 .

[16]  Lan Jiang,et al.  Facile Fabrication of Light, Flexible and Multifunctional Graphene Fibers , 2012, Advanced materials.

[17]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene films for lithium battery application. , 2010, ACS nano.

[18]  Peter C. Searson,et al.  Polypyrrole Composite Electrodes in an All‐Polymer Battery System , 1996 .

[19]  Hiroyuki Nishide,et al.  Toward Flexible Batteries , 2008, Science.

[20]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  Materials and Mechanics for Stretchable Electronics , 2010, Science.

[21]  Qiang Zhang,et al.  Direct growth of flexible LiMn2O4/CNT lithium-ion cathodes. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[22]  G. Wallace,et al.  Highly-flexible fibre battery incorporating polypyrrole cathode and carbon nanotubes anode , 2006 .

[23]  Bruno Scrosati,et al.  A New, Safe, High‐Rate and High‐Energy Polymer Lithium‐Ion Battery , 2009, Advanced materials.

[24]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Patterning of electrodes for mechanically robust and bendable lithium-ion batteries , 2012 .

[25]  Haijiao Zhang,et al.  Li Storage Properties of Disordered Graphene Nanosheets , 2009 .

[26]  C. Vincent,et al.  Polymer electrolyte reviews. 1 , 1987 .

[27]  Yi Cui,et al.  Highly conductive paper for energy-storage devices , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[28]  Nikhil Koratkar,et al.  Photothermally reduced graphene as high-power anodes for lithium-ion batteries. , 2012, ACS nano.

[29]  Ya-Li Li,et al.  Direct Spinning of Carbon Nanotube Fibers from Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis , 2004, Science.

[30]  D. Y. Kim,et al.  Facile external treatment for efficient nanoscale morphology control of polymer solar cells using a gas-assisted spray method , 2011 .

[31]  David Wexler,et al.  Free-standing single-walled carbon nanotube/SnO2 anode paper for flexible lithium-ion batteries , 2012 .

[32]  G. Wallace,et al.  Mechanically Strong, Electrically Conductive, and Biocompatible Graphene Paper , 2008 .

[33]  G. Wallace,et al.  Electrochemical Properties of Graphene Paper Electrodes Used in Lithium Batteries , 2009 .

[34]  G. Wallace,et al.  Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[35]  Wei Lv,et al.  Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Grown on Graphene Paper as Electrodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries and Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells , 2011 .

[36]  Jun Chen,et al.  Flexible, aligned carbon nanotube/conducting polymer electrodes for a lithium-ion battery , 2007 .

[37]  Shoushan Fan,et al.  Superaligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays, Films, and Yarns: A Road to Applications , 2011, Advanced materials.

[38]  Bruno Scrosati,et al.  Applications of electroactive polymers , 1993 .

[39]  Chunmei Ban,et al.  Nanostructured Fe3O4/SWNT Electrode: Binder‐Free and High‐Rate Li‐Ion Anode , 2010, Advanced materials.

[40]  Yi Cui,et al.  Transparent lithium-ion batteries , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[41]  Lidong Li,et al.  Flexible free-standing graphene/SnO₂ nanocomposites paper for Li-ion battery. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[42]  P. Poulin,et al.  Films and fibers of oriented single wall nanotubes , 2002 .

[43]  J. Kysar,et al.  Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene , 2008, Science.

[44]  Junwu Zhu,et al.  Bioinspired Effective Prevention of Restacking in Multilayered Graphene Films: Towards the Next Generation of High‐Performance Supercapacitors , 2011, Advanced materials.

[45]  Claudio Gerbaldi,et al.  Microfibrillated cellulose–graphite nanocomposites for highly flexible paper-like Li-ion battery electrodes , 2010 .

[46]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films , 2004, Science.

[47]  G. A. D. Briggs,et al.  Elastic and shear moduli of single-walled carbon nanotube ropes , 1999 .

[48]  Young Hee Lee,et al.  Effect of acid treatment on carbon nanotube-based flexible transparent conducting films. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[49]  Yuhai Hu,et al.  Novel approach toward a binder-free and current collector-free anode configuration: highly flexible nanoporous carbon nanotube electrodes with strong mechanical strength harvesting improved lithium storage , 2012 .

[50]  Luzhuo Chen,et al.  Highly flexible and all-solid-state paperlike polymer supercapacitors. , 2010, Nano letters.

[51]  Chao Gao,et al.  Strong, conductive, lightweight, neat graphene aerogel fibers with aligned pores. , 2012, ACS nano.

[52]  P. Novák,et al.  Electrochemically Active Polymers for Rechargeable Batteries. , 1997, Chemical reviews.

[53]  Feng Li,et al.  Doped graphene sheets as anode materials with superhigh rate and large capacity for lithium ion batteries. , 2011, ACS nano.

[54]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Graphene-based ultracapacitors. , 2008, Nano letters.

[55]  Jun Chen,et al.  Flexible free-standing carbon nanotube films for model lithium-ion batteries , 2009 .

[56]  J. Prakash,et al.  Flexible graphite as battery anode and current collector , 2005 .

[57]  Ryne P. Raffaelle,et al.  Lithium Ion Capacity of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Paper Electrodes , 2008 .

[58]  G. Cui,et al.  Nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets with excellent lithium storage properties , 2011 .

[59]  Jun Chen,et al.  Organic Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries , 2012 .

[60]  Yi Cui,et al.  Light-weight free-standing carbon nanotube-silicon films for anodes of lithium ion batteries. , 2010, ACS nano.

[61]  Feng Li,et al.  Flexible graphene-based lithium ion batteries with ultrafast charge and discharge rates , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[62]  S. Dou,et al.  Paper-like free-standing polypyrrole and polypyrrole-liFePO4 composite films for flexible and bendable rechargeable battery , 2008 .

[63]  J. Heinze,et al.  Electrochemistry of conducting polymers--persistent models and new concepts. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[64]  Yong Liu,et al.  Direct Growth of Flexible Carbon Nanotube Electrodes , 2008 .

[65]  Jonathan A. Fan,et al.  Stretchable batteries with self-similar serpentine interconnects and integrated wireless recharging systems , 2013, Nature Communications.

[66]  Jun Chen,et al.  Single wall carbon nanotube paper as anode for lithium-ion battery , 2005 .

[67]  Jim Benson,et al.  Ultra strong silicon-coated carbon nanotube nonwoven fabric as a multifunctional lithium-ion battery anode. , 2012, ACS nano.

[68]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Flexible energy storage devices based on nanocomposite paper , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[69]  Kisuk Kang,et al.  A Stretchable Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Composite Electrode for Flexible Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Porosity Engineering by Controlled Phase Separation , 2012 .

[70]  Xin Zhao,et al.  Flexible holey graphene paper electrodes with enhanced rate capability for energy storage applications. , 2011, ACS nano.

[71]  John A Rogers,et al.  Imprintable, Bendable, and Shape‐Conformable Polymer Electrolytes for Versatile‐Shaped Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2013, Advanced materials.

[72]  Yaroslav Filinchuk,et al.  LiZnSO4F made in an ionic liquid: a ceramic electrolyte composite for solid-state lithium batteries. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[73]  John R. Reynolds,et al.  Transparent, Conductive Carbon Nanotube Films , 2004, Science.

[74]  Changsheng Liu,et al.  Flexible pillared graphene-paper electrodes for high-performance electrochemical supercapacitors. , 2012, Small.

[75]  J. Choi,et al.  Extremely stable cycling of ultra-thin V2O5 nanowire-graphene electrodes for lithium rechargeable battery cathodes , 2012 .

[76]  D. Wexler,et al.  Rapid synthesis of free-standing MoO3/Graphene films by the microwave hydrothermal method as cathode for bendable lithium batteries , 2013 .

[77]  D. W. Van Krevelen,et al.  Chapter 1 – Polymer Properties , 1997 .

[78]  C. Chiang.  An all-polymeric solid state battery , 1981 .

[79]  Dong-Hwa Seo,et al.  Flexible energy storage devices based on graphene paper , 2011 .

[80]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Carbon nanotube/teflon composite electrochemical sensors and biosensors. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[81]  M. Lima,et al.  Spinnable carbon nanotube forests grown on thin, flexible metallic substrates , 2010 .

[82]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Polymer-assisted direct deposition of uniform carbon nanotube bundle networks for high performance transparent electrodes. , 2009, ACS nano.

[83]  Carter S. Haines,et al.  Biscrolling Nanotube Sheets and Functional Guests into Yarns , 2011, Science.

[84]  Thomas Gennett,et al.  High-energy, rechargeable Li-ion battery based on carbon nanotube technology , 2004 .

[85]  Qiang Zhang,et al.  High-performance flexible lithium-ion electrodes based on robust network architecture , 2012 .

[86]  Chongwu Zhou,et al.  Hierarchical three-dimensional ZnCo₂O₄ nanowire arrays/carbon cloth anodes for a novel class of high-performance flexible lithium-ion batteries. , 2012, Nano letters.

[87]  Hui-Ming Cheng,et al.  A nanosized Fe2O3 decorated single-walled carbon nanotube membrane as a high-performance flexible anode for lithium ion batteries , 2012 .

[88]  Hyun-Kon Song,et al.  Redox‐Active Polypyrrole: Toward Polymer‐Based Batteries , 2006 .

[89]  Harold H. Kung,et al.  Silicon nanoparticles-graphene paper composites for Li ion battery anodes. , 2010, Chemical communications.

[90]  Georges Caillon,et al.  Thin and flexible lithium-ion batteries: investigation of polymer electrolytes , 2003 .

[91]  Yi Cui,et al.  Stretchable, porous, and conductive energy textiles. , 2010, Nano letters.

[92]  Feng Li,et al.  A flexible nanostructured sulphur–carbon nanotube cathode with high rate performance for Li-S batteries , 2012 .

[93]  B. Scrosati,et al.  A lithium ion polymer battery , 1998 .

[94]  Fei Xiao,et al.  Growth of Metal–Metal Oxide Nanostructures on Freestanding Graphene Paper for Flexible Biosensors , 2012 .

[95]  Jang-Kyo Kim,et al.  Fabrication of highly-aligned, conductive, and strong graphene papers using ultralarge graphene oxide sheets. , 2012, ACS nano.

[96]  Mark A. Locascio,et al.  Measurements of near-ultimate strength for multiwalled carbon nanotubes and irradiation-induced crosslinking improvements. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[97]  Keon Jae Lee,et al.  Bendable inorganic thin-film battery for fully flexible electronic systems. , 2012, Nano letters.

[98]  Jeffrey W. Fergus,et al.  Ceramic and polymeric solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries , 2010 .

[99]  Hyo-Jeong Ha,et al.  Compliant polymer network-mediated fabrication of a bendable plastic crystal polymer electrolyte for flexible lithium-ion batteries , 2013 .

[100]  Z. Yin,et al.  CuO/polypyrrole core–shell nanocomposites as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries , 2012 .

[101]  Haiqun Chen,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of graphene paper with controllable properties via chemical reduction , 2011 .

[102]  SonBinh T. Nguyen,et al.  Non-annealed graphene paper as a binder-free anode for lithium-ion batteries , 2010 .

[103]  J. Lee,et al.  A polyaniline and Nafion® composite film as a rechargeable battery , 1992 .

[104]  Z. Gu,et al.  Investigation of the electrochemical and electrocatalytic behavior of single-wall carbon nanotube film on a glassy carbon electrode. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[105]  Keun-Ho Choi,et al.  Thin, Deformable, and Safety‐Reinforced Plastic Crystal Polymer Electrolytes for High‐Performance Flexible Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2014 .

[106]  L. Nyholm,et al.  Toward Flexible Polymer and Paper‐Based Energy Storage Devices , 2011, Advanced materials.

[107]  Yongsheng Chen,et al.  Flexible, Magnetic, and Electrically Conductive Graphene/Fe3O4 Paper and Its Application for Magnetic-Controlled Switches , 2010 .

[108]  M. Prato,et al.  Chemistry of carbon nanotubes. , 2006, Chemical reviews.

[109]  Fei Liu,et al.  Folded Structured Graphene Paper for High Performance Electrode Materials , 2012, Advanced materials.

[110]  Won Ho Jo,et al.  Fabrication of highly conductive and transparent thin films from single-walled carbon nanotubes using a new non-ionic surfactant via spin coating. , 2010, ACS nano.

[111]  Takao Someya,et al.  Ultraflexible organic field-effect transistors embedded at a neutral strain position , 2005 .

[112]  Heon-Cheol Shin,et al.  Cable‐Type Flexible Lithium Ion Battery Based on Hollow Multi‐Helix Electrodes , 2012, Advanced materials.

[113]  Changhong Liu,et al.  Highly oriented carbon nanotube papers made of aligned carbon nanotubes , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[114]  Qiang Zhang,et al.  The feasibility of producing MWCNT paper and strong MWCNT film from VACNT array , 2008 .

[115]  Vivek B Shenoy,et al.  Anomalous Strength Characteristics of Tilt Grain Boundaries in Graphene , 2010, Science.

[116]  First-principles study of Li-intercalated carbon nanotube ropes , 1999, Physical review letters.

[117]  Yuki Yamada,et al.  Self-standing positive electrodes of oxidized few-walled carbon nanotubes for light-weight and high-power lithium batteries , 2012 .