A simple and high-hiding capacity method for hiding digit-by-digit data in images based on modulus function

This study presents a simple method for high-hiding capacity. The basic concept uses a modulus operation. The proposed method has the following advantages: (1) the proposed method outperforms the simple LSB substitution method given the same range (0–m−1) of data digits in the embedded data; (2) the proposed method achieves good image vision quality without the need for post-processing; (3) the proposed method is almost as simple as the LSB method in both coding and decoding; (4) the smaller error advantage over the simple LSB substitution method can also be mathematically verified; (5) the error is smaller than ⌈(m−1)/2⌉ for almost every pixel; (6) the proposed method has high-hiding capacity (for example, the proposed method can hide a 256×256 or 256×512 image in a 512×512 host image).