Structural lightweight aggregate concrete using two types of waste from the palm oil industry as aggregate

Abstract Huge quantities of raw materials are used in making concrete. Due to the limitations of natural materials the use of waste and by-product materials in concrete can eliminate the negative impact of concrete on the environment. To produce a cleaner and greener concrete two waste materials from the palm oil industry were used as coarse and fine aggregates. For this purpose normal sand was replaced with oil-palm-boiler clinker (OPBC) sand from 0 to 50% in oil palm shell (OPS) lightweight aggregate concrete. Properties, including workability, different types of density, compressive strength in different curing regimes, splitting tensile and flexural strengths, stress–strain curve, modulus of elasticity, water absorption and drying shrinkage strain of green lightweight concretes, were measured and discussed. The results showed that it is possible to produce environmentally-friendly structural lightweight concrete by incorporating high volume waste lightweight aggregates from the palm oil industry.

[1]  W. L. Vasconcelos,et al.  Fator de eficiência e módulo de elasticidade do concreto leve com argila expandida , 2010 .

[2]  P. K. Mehta,et al.  Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials , 2005 .

[3]  T. Holm,et al.  High Performance Lightweight Concrete--a Review , 1995, "SP-154: Advances in Concrete Technology - Proceeding Second CANMET/ ACI International Symposium - Las Vegas, Nevada, USA".

[4]  Anaclet Turatsinze,et al.  On the modulus of elasticity and strain capacity of Self-Compacting Concrete incorporating rubber aggregates , 2008 .

[5]  Pietro Lura,et al.  Mixture Proportioning for Internal Curing , 2005 .

[6]  U. J. Alengaram,et al.  Enhancement and prediction of modulus of elasticity of palm kernel shell concrete , 2011 .

[7]  Mehmet Gesoǧlu,et al.  Strength and transport properties of steam cured and water cured lightweight aggregate concretes , 2013 .

[8]  Jack C. McCormac.  Design of Reinforced Concrete , 1980 .

[9]  R. M. Miller,et al.  Moderate strength lightweight concrete from organic aquagel mixtures , 1998 .

[10]  M. N. Haque,et al.  Some Concretes Need 7 Days Initial Curing , 1990 .

[11]  U. J. Alengaram,et al.  Oil palm shell lightweight concrete containing high volume ground granulated blast furnace slag , 2013 .

[12]  Turan Özturan,et al.  Strength and elastic properties of structural lightweight concretes , 2011 .

[13]  S. Kosmatka,et al.  Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures , 2002 .

[14]  O. Kayali,et al.  Strength and durability of lightweight concrete , 2004 .

[15]  H. Ismail,et al.  Effect of partial replacement of sand by recycled fine crumb rubber on the performance of hybrid rubberized-normal concrete under impact load: experiment and simulation , 2013 .

[16]  A A Tasnimi,et al.  Mathematical model for complete stress–strain curve prediction of normal, light-weight and high-strength concretes , 2004 .

[17]  J. Mander,et al.  Theoretical stress strain model for confined concrete , 1988 .

[18]  U. J. Alengaram,et al.  Engineering properties of oil palm shell lightweight concrete containing fly ash , 2013 .

[19]  Odd E. Gjørv,et al.  Performance of concrete under different curing conditions , 1996 .

[20]  Fernando Pelisser,et al.  Concrete made with recycled tire rubber: Effect of alkaline activation and silica fume addition , 2011 .

[21]  W. Omar,et al.  The performance of pretensioned prestressed concrete beams made with lightweight concrete , 2002 .

[22]  Alaettin Kılıç,et al.  Strength properties of lightweight concrete made with basaltic pumice and fly ash , 2003 .

[23]  Fernando Pelisser,et al.  Lightweight concrete production with low Portland cement consumption , 2012 .

[24]  Waiching Tang,et al.  The effect of aggregate absorption on pore area at interfacial zone of lightweight concrete , 2008 .

[25]  Mohd Zamin Jumaat,et al.  Oil palm shell lightweight concrete as a ductile material , 2012 .

[26]  T. Y. Lo,et al.  Influence of aggregate pre-wetting and fly ash on mechanical properties of lightweight concrete. , 2004, Waste management.

[27]  Mohd Zamin Jumaat,et al.  A new method of producing high strength oil palm shell lightweight concrete , 2011 .

[28]  Mohd Zamin Jumaat,et al.  Oil palm shell as a lightweight aggregate for production high strength lightweight concrete , 2011 .

[29]  J. L. Clarke,et al.  Structural lightweight aggregate concrete , 1993 .

[30]  Mohd Zamin Jumaat,et al.  Lightweight concrete made from crushed oil palm shell: tensile strength and effect of initial curing on compressive strength. , 2012 .

[31]  M. J. Shannag,et al.  Characteristics of lightweight concrete containing mineral admixtures , 2011 .

[32]  Ramazan Demirboga,et al.  The influence of lightweight aggregate on the physico-mechanical properties of concrete exposed to freeze–thaw cycles , 2010 .

[33]  Vivian W. Y Tam,et al.  Comparing the implementation of concrete recycling in the Australian and Japanese construction industries , 2009 .

[34]  Joseph F. Lamond,et al.  Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials , 1994 .

[35]  Hiroaki Mori,et al.  Lightweight Aggregate Concrete , 2002 .

[36]  Chao-Lung Hwang,et al.  Properties of HPC with recycled aggregates , 2006 .

[37]  Le Roux,et al.  Assessment of the behaviour factor for the seismic design of reinforced concrete structural walls according to SANS 10160 - part 4 : technical paper , 2012 .

[38]  Russell Trumble,et al.  Advantages of Using Lightweight Concrete in a Medium Rise Building and Adjoining Post-Tensioned Parking Garage , 1993 .

[39]  A. Neville.  Properties of Concrete , 1968 .

[40]  D.C.L. Teo,et al.  Durability of lightweight OPS concrete under different curing conditions , 2009 .

[41]  Houria Mefteh,et al.  Influence of moisture conditioning of recycled aggregates on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete , 2013 .

[42]  M. Sridhar,et al.  Palm Oil Industry Residues , 2009 .

[43]  G. C. Hoff.  Internal Curing of Concrete Using Lightweight Aggregates , 2006 .

[44]  H. Reinhardt,et al.  Improved Durability of High-Strength Concrete Due to Autogenous Curing , 1997, SP-170: Fourth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete.

[45]  Bashar S. Mohammed,et al.  Analytical and experimental studies on composite slabs utilising palm oil clinker concrete , 2011 .

[46]  Ergin Arioglu,et al.  Evaluation of Ratio Between Splitting Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength for Concretes up to 120 MPa and its Application in Strength Criterion , 2006 .

[47]  M. H. Severcan,et al.  Influence of dry and wet curing conditions on compressive strength of silica fume concrete , 2005 .

[48]  V. I. Murashev,et al.  Design of reinforced concrete structures , 1968 .

[49]  S. Pillai.  Reinforced Concrete Design , 1988 .