Energy Harvesting for Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Networks

This paper reviews the development of energy harvesting for low-power embedded structural health monitoring (SHM) sensing systems. A statistical pattern recognition paradigm for SHM is first presented and the concept of energy harvesting for embedded sensing systems is addressed with respect to the data acquisition portion of this paradigm. Next, various existing and emerging sensing modalities used for SHM and their respective power requirements are summarized followed by a discussion of SHM sensor network paradigms, power requirements for these networks, and power optimization strategies. Various approaches to energy harvesting and energy storage are discussed and limitations associated with the current technology are addressed. The paper concludes by defining some future research directions that are aimed at transitioning the concept of energy harvesting for embedded SHM sensing systems from laboratory research to field-deployed engineering prototypes. Finally, it is noted that many of the technologies discussed herein are applicable to powering any type of low-power embedded sensing system regardless of the application.

[1]  Paul K. Wright,et al.  A piezoelectric vibration based generator for wireless electronics , 2004 .

[2]  A. Lal,et al.  Daintiest dynamos [nuclear microbatteries] , 2004, IEEE Spectrum.

[3]  Philip M. Long,et al.  Adaptive Disk Spindown via Optimal Rent-to-Buy in Probabilistic Environments , 1999, Algorithmica.

[4]  Neil M. White,et al.  An electromagnetic, vibration-powered generator for intelligent sensor systems , 2004 .

[5]  Massoud Pedram,et al.  Low power design methodologies , 1996 .

[6]  A. Lal,et al.  Nanopower betavoltaic microbatteries , 2003, TRANSDUCERS '03. 12th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.03TH8664).

[7]  T. Shrout,et al.  Ultrahigh strain and piezoelectric behavior in relaxor based ferroelectric single crystals , 1997 .

[8]  Sally Floyd,et al.  Wide-area traffic: the failure of Poisson modeling , 1994 .

[9]  Jan Ming Ko,et al.  Simulation studies of damage location in Tsing Ma Bridge deck , 2000, Smart Structures.

[10]  Daniel Moss,et al.  Compiler-assisted dynamic power-aware scheduling for real-time applications , 2000 .

[11]  Alison B. Flatau,et al.  Characterization of energy harvesting potential of Terfenol-D and Galfenol , 2005, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[12]  Jeong-Beom Ihn,et al.  Detection and monitoring of hidden fatigue crack growth using a built-in piezoelectric sensor/actuator network: II. Validation using riveted joints and repair patches , 2004 .

[13]  D. Inman,et al.  Comparison of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices for Recharging Batteries , 2005 .

[14]  R. Duggirala,et al.  Pervasive power: a radioisotope-powered piezoelectric generator , 2005, IEEE Pervasive Computing.

[15]  M. Stordeur,et al.  Low power thermoelectric generator-self-sufficient energy supply for micro systems , 1997, XVI ICT '97. Proceedings ICT'97. 16th International Conference on Thermoelectrics (Cat. No.97TH8291).

[16]  Luca Benini,et al.  Policy optimization for dynamic power management , 1998, Proceedings 1998 Design and Automation Conference. 35th DAC. (Cat. No.98CH36175).

[17]  Deborah A. Wallach,et al.  μSleep: a technique for reducing energy consumption in handheld devices , 2004, MobiSys '04.

[18]  Kenneth A. Loparo,et al.  Pump Condition Monitoring Using Self-Powered Wireless Sensors , 2006 .

[19]  C.P. Yue,et al.  An Inductively Coupled Lamb Wave Transducer , 2007, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[20]  Rami G. Melhem,et al.  Energy management for real-time embedded applications with compiler support , 2003, LCTES '03.

[21]  Sang-Gook Kim,et al.  DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR MEMS-SCALE PIEZOELECTRIC MECHANICAL VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTERS , 2005 .

[22]  Derek G. Chetwynd,et al.  Investigation of a resonance microgenerator , 2003 .

[23]  M. Latrach,et al.  Hybrid rectenna and monolithic integrated zero-bias microwave rectifier , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[24]  Francois Costa,et al.  Generation of electrical energy for portable devices: Comparative study of an electromagnetic and a piezoelectric system , 2004 .

[25]  Kai Chang,et al.  5.8-GHz circularly polarized dual-diode rectenna and rectenna array for microwave power transmission , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[26]  Heath Hofmann,et al.  Optimized piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit using step-down converter in discontinuous conduction mode , 2003 .

[27]  Khai D. T. Ngo,et al.  Technology Development for Self-Powered Sensors , 2002 .

[28]  Harald Böttner,et al.  Thermoelectric micro devices: current state, recent developments and future aspects for technological progress and applications , 2002 .

[29]  D. Inman,et al.  A Review of Power Harvesting from Vibration using Piezoelectric Materials , 2004 .

[30]  Aaas News,et al.  Book Reviews , 1893, Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal.

[31]  R. B. Yates,et al.  Analysis Of A Micro-electric Generator For Microsystems , 1995, Proceedings of the International Solid-State Sensors and Actuators Conference - TRANSDUCERS '95.

[32]  G. J. Snyder,et al.  Thermoelectric microdevice fabricated by a MEMS-like electrochemical process , 2003, Nature materials.

[33]  Massoud Pedram,et al.  Fine-Grained Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling for Precise Energy and Performance Trade-Off Based on the Ratio of Off-Chip Access to On-Chip Computation Times , 2004, DATE.

[34]  Keith Worden,et al.  An Overview of Intelligent Fault Detection in Systems and Structures , 2004 .

[35]  Ulrich Kremer,et al.  The design, implementation, and evaluation of a compiler algorithm for CPU energy reduction , 2003, PLDI '03.

[36]  Sang-Gook Kim,et al.  MEMS power generator with transverse mode thin film PZT , 2005 .

[37]  Neil M. White,et al.  Towards a piezoelectric vibration-powered microgenerator , 2001 .

[38]  Shadrach Roundy,et al.  On the Effectiveness of Vibration-based Energy Harvesting , 2005 .

[39]  Michael L. Scott,et al.  Energy efficient prefetching and caching , 2004 .

[40]  Sandy Irani,et al.  Latency effects of system level power management algorithms , 2000, IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design. ICCAD - 2000. IEEE/ACM Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.00CH37140).

[41]  Luca Benini,et al.  Dynamic power management for nonstationary service requests , 1999, Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition, 1999. Proceedings (Cat. No. PR00078).

[42]  S. Roundy.  Energy Scavenging for Wireless Sensor Nodes with a Focus on Vibration-to-Electricity Conversion , 2003 .

[43]  Peter Glynne-Jones,et al.  An investigation of self-powered systems for condition monitoring applications☆ , 2004 .

[44]  Jerome P. Lynch,et al.  Validation of a wireless modular monitoring system for structures , 2002, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[45]  Frank Bellosa,et al.  Process cruise control: event-driven clock scaling for dynamic power management , 2002, CASES '02.

[46]  F. Chang,et al.  Detection and monitoring of hidden fatigue crack growth using a built-in piezoelectric sensor/actuator network: I. Diagnostics , 2004 .

[47]  Hoon Sohn,et al.  Overview of Piezoelectric Impedance-Based Health Monitoring and Path Forward , 2003 .

[48]  Alex Elvin,et al.  A self-powered damage detection sensor , 2003 .

[49]  Luca Benini,et al.  Power-aware operating systems for interactive systems , 2002, IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst..

[50]  G. Yang,et al.  A new circularly polarized rectenna for wireless power transmission and data communication , 2005, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[51]  Itoh,et al.  A rectenna design with harmonic-rejecting circular-sector antenna , 2004, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[52]  Sang Lyul Min,et al.  Dynamic voltage scaling algorithm for dynamic-priority hard real-time systems using slack time analysis , 2002, Proceedings 2002 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition.

[53]  Kin Fong Lei,et al.  AA size micro power conversion cell for wireless applications , 2004, Fifth World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (IEEE Cat. No.04EX788).

[54]  Claude Kirchner,et al.  An overview of ELAN , 1998, WRLA.

[55]  Quan Xue,et al.  Design of a 5.8-GHz rectenna incorporating a new patch antenna , 2005, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[56]  Rami G. Melhem,et al.  Dynamic and aggressive scheduling techniques for power-aware real-time systems , 2001, Proceedings 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS 2001) (Cat. No.01PR1420).

[57]  Paul Horton,et al.  A Quantitative Analysis of Disk Drive Power Management in Portable Computers , 1994, USENIX Winter.

[58]  Jerome P. Lynch,et al.  A summary review of wireless sensors and sensor networks for structural health monitoring , 2006 .

[59]  Charles R. Farrar,et al.  Piezoelectric Active Sensor Self-Diagnostics Using Electrical Admittance Measurements , 2006 .

[60]  Anna R. Karlin,et al.  Competitive randomized algorithms for non-uniform problems , 1990, SODA '90.

[61]  Albert P. Pisano,et al.  Polysilicon integrated microsystems: technologies and applications , 1996 .

[62]  N. B. Elsner,et al.  Performance of the 1 kW thermoelectric generator for diesel engines , 1994 .

[63]  William W. Clark,et al.  Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting with a Clamped Circular Plate: Analysis , 2005 .

[64]  Daniel J. Inman,et al.  Estimation of Electric Charge Output for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting , 2004 .

[65]  Wei-Hsin Liao,et al.  On the energy storage devices in piezoelectric energy harvesting , 2006, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[66]  D. Markley,et al.  Energy Harvesting Using a Piezoelectric “Cymbal” Transducer in Dynamic Environment , 2004 .

[67]  Kiyoung Choi,et al.  Power optimization of real-time embedded systems on variable speed processors , 2000, IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design. ICCAD - 2000. IEEE/ACM Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.00CH37140).

[68]  Gaëtan Kerschen,et al.  Sensor validation using principal component analysis , 2005 .

[69]  Michael D. Todd.  Optical‐Based Sensing , 2005 .

[70]  Hoon Sohn,et al.  A review of structural health monitoring literature 1996-2001 , 2002 .

[71]  Miguel A. Sanz-Bobi,et al.  State of the Art of Thermoelectric Generators Based on Heat Recovered from the Exhaust Gases of Automobiles , 2002 .

[72]  James C. Kellogg,et al.  Energy harvesting concepts for small electric unmanned systems , 2004, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[73]  Douglas L. Jones,et al.  GRACE-1: cross-layer adaptation for multimedia quality and battery energy , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[74]  Wolfgang Nebel,et al.  Low power design in deep submicron electronics , 1997 .

[75]  Gyuhae Park,et al.  Hardware design of hierarchal active-sensing networks for structural health monitoring , 2006 .

[76]  Billie F. Spencer,et al.  Smart sensing technology: opportunities and challenges , 2004 .

[77]  Jan M. Rabaey,et al.  A study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes , 2003, Comput. Commun..

[78]  Siak Piang Lim,et al.  Modeling and analysis of micro piezoelectric power generators for micro-electromechanical-systems applications , 2004 .

[79]  K. Matsubara,et al.  Development of a high efficient thermoelectric stack for a waste exhaust heat recovery of vehicles , 2002, Twenty-First International Conference on Thermoelectrics, 2002. Proceedings ICT '02..

[80]  Gregg E. Maryniak,et al.  Status of international experimentation in wireless power transmission , 1996 .

[81]  Daniel Wesley Harrist.  Wireless Battery Charging System using Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting , 2004 .

[82]  Phillip J. Cornwell,et al.  Enhancing Power Harvesting using a Tuned Auxiliary Structure , 2005 .

[83]  Loreto Mateu,et al.  Review of energy harvesting techniques and applications for microelectronics (Keynote Address) , 2005, SPIE Microtechnologies.

[84]  William W. Clark,et al.  Piezoelectric energy harvesting for bio-MEMS applications , 2001, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[85]  R. P. Smith,et al.  A compact dual-polarized 8.51-GHz rectenna for high-voltage (50 V) actuator applications , 2000 .

[86]  Joseph A. Paradiso,et al.  Parasitic power harvesting in shoes , 1998, Digest of Papers. Second International Symposium on Wearable Computers (Cat. No.98EX215).

[87]  Victor Giurgiutiu,et al.  Piezoelectric Wafer Embedded Active Sensors for Aging Aircraft Structural Health Monitoring , 2002 .

[88]  Sang Lyul Min,et al.  SimDVS: An Integrated Simulation Environment for Performance Evaluation of Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithms , 2002, PACS.

[89]  Constantinos Soutis,et al.  Damage detection in composite materials using lamb wave methods , 2002 .

[90]  Jaehwan Kim,et al.  Performance characterization of flexible dipole rectennas for smart actuator use , 2006 .

[91]  Fred Douglis,et al.  Adaptive Disk Spin-Down Policies for Mobile Computers , 1995, Comput. Syst..

[92]  J. Sirohi,et al.  Fundamental Understanding of Piezoelectric Strain Sensors , 1999, Smart Structures.

[93]  Wen-Jong Wu,et al.  MEMS generator of power harvesting by vibrations using piezoelectric cantilever beam with digitate electrode , 2006, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[94]  Michael J. Ramsay,et al.  Piezoelectric energy harvesting for bio-MEMS applications , 2001 .

[95]  Kent B. Pfeifer,et al.  Embedded Self-Powered MicroSensors for Monitoring the Surety of Critical Buildings and Infrastructures , 2001 .

[96]  M. Umeda,et al.  Analysis of the Transformation of Mechanical Impact Energy to Electric Energy Using Piezoelectric Vibrator , 1996 .

[97]  Kee S. Moon,et al.  Single crystal piezoelectric transducers to harvest vibration energy , 2005, International Symposium on Optomechatronic Technologies.

[98]  Victor Giurgiutiu,et al.  Design of displacement-amplified induced-strain actuators for maximum energy output , 1997 .

[99]  Carla Schlatter Ellis,et al.  The case for higher-level power management , 1999, Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems.

[100]  Kai Chang,et al.  5.8-GHz circularly polarized dual-rhombic-loop traveling-wave rectifying antenna for low power-density wireless power transmission applications , 2003 .

[101]  Anantha P. Chandrakasan,et al.  Low Power Digital CMOS Design , 1995 .

[102]  Mandayam T. Raghunath,et al.  Energy trade-offs in the IBM wristwatch computer , 2001, Proceedings Fifth International Symposium on Wearable Computers.

[103]  G. Harbauer,et al.  Implantable physiological power supply with PVDF film , 1984 .

[104]  Heath Hofmann,et al.  Adaptive piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit for wireless remote power supply , 2002 .

[105]  Philippe M. Fauchet,et al.  A Three‐Dimensional Porous Silicon p–n Diode for Betavoltaics and Photovoltaics , 2005 .

[106]  Saeid Ghamaty,et al.  Design, fabrication, and testing of energy-harvesting thermoelectric generator , 2006, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[107]  Hoon Sohn,et al.  DATA NORMALIZATION: A KEY FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING , 2001 .

[108]  Michael Goldfarb,et al.  On the Efficiency of Electric Power Generation With Piezoelectric Ceramic , 1999 .

[109]  Massoud Pedram,et al.  Dynamic power management of complex systems using generalized stochastic Petri nets , 2000, DAC.

[110]  G. Bao.  AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH , 1999 .

[111]  David A. Nix,et al.  Vibration–based structural damage identification , 2001, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[112]  Darrell D. E. Long,et al.  A dynamic disk spin-down technique for mobile computing , 1996, MobiCom '96.

[113]  Wing Ng,et al.  Thermoelectric-Based Power System for Unmanned-Air-Vehicle/ Microair-Vehicle Applications , 2004 .

[114]  Chee-Yee Chong,et al.  Sensor networks: evolution, opportunities, and challenges , 2003, Proc. IEEE.

[115]  Sandy Irani,et al.  Online strategies for dynamic power management in systems with multiple power-saving states , 2003, TECS.

[116]  Seongsoo Lee,et al.  Run-time voltage hopping for low-power real-time systems , 2000, DAC.

[117]  Gyuhae Park,et al.  Sensing Network Paradigms for Structural Health Monitoring , 2006 .

[118]  Piezoelectric Generator.  Pervasive Power: A Radioisotope-Powered , 2005 .

[119]  Christopher Niezrecki,et al.  Piezoelectric actuation: State of the art , 2001 .

[120]  Jens Twiefel,et al.  Model-based design of piezoelectric energy harvesting systems , 2006, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[121]  Charles R. Farrar,et al.  Damage identification and health monitoring of structural and mechanical systems from changes in their vibration characteristics: A literature review , 1996 .

[122]  Thad Starner,et al.  Human-Powered Wearable Computing , 1996, IBM Syst. J..

[123]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Managing power consumption in networks on chips , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems.

[124]  Yung-Hsiang Lu,et al.  Energy management using buffer memory for streaming data , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems.

[125]  Neil M. White,et al.  Self‐powered systems: a review of energy sources , 2001 .

[126]  Sang H. Choi,et al.  Microwave power for smart material actuators , 2004 .

[127]  P. Cawley,et al.  Omnidirectional guided wave inspection of large metallic plate structures using an EMAT array , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[128]  N. G. Stephen,et al.  On energy harvesting from ambient vibration , 2006 .

[129]  Michael D. Todd,et al.  A novel Bragg grating sensor interrogation system utilizing a scanning filter, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a 3×3 coupler , 2001 .

[130]  J. Schnellinger,et al.  The Principles of Piezoelectric Accelerometers , 2004 .

[131]  Jihong Kim,et al.  Power-Aware Resource Management Techniques for Low-Power Embedded Systems , 2007, Handbook of Real-Time and Embedded Systems.

[132]  Mani B. Srivastava,et al.  Predictive system shutdown and other architectural techniques for energy efficient programmable computation , 1996, IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst..

[133]  Niraj K. Jha,et al.  Dynamic power optimization of interactive systems , 2004, 17th International Conference on VLSI Design. Proceedings..

[134]  Alan Jay Smith,et al.  Improving dynamic voltage scaling algorithms with PACE , 2001, SIGMETRICS '01.

[135]  Daniel J. Inman,et al.  Structural and Machine Design Using Piezoceramic Materials: A Guide for Structural Design Engineers , 2000 .

[136]  Joseph A. Paradiso,et al.  Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics , 2005, IEEE Pervasive Computing.

[137]  Carl Staelin,et al.  Idleness is Not Sloth , 1995, USENIX.

[138]  William W. Clark,et al.  Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting with a Clamped Circular Plate: Experimental Study , 2005 .

[139]  Hoon Sohn,et al.  Structural Health Monitoring Using Modular Wireless Sensors , 2003 .

[140]  Charles R. Farrar,et al.  Coupling sensing hardware with data interrogation software for structural health monitoring , 2006 .

[141]  Luca Benini,et al.  Dynamic power management - design techniques and CAD tools , 1997 .

[142]  G. J. Snyder,et al.  A study of heat sink performance in air and soil for use in a thermoelectric energy harvesting device , 2002, Twenty-First International Conference on Thermoelectrics, 2002. Proceedings ICT '02..

[143]  Mahadev Satyanarayanan,et al.  Managing battery lifetime with energy-aware adaptation , 2004, TOCS.

[144]  Daniel J. Inman,et al.  Towards autonomous sensing , 2006, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[145]  Gyuhae Park,et al.  Development of an impedance-based wireless sensor node for structural health monitoring , 2007 .

[146]  Luca Benini,et al.  Power aware network interface management for streaming multimedia , 2002, 2002 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Record. WCNC 2002 (Cat. No.02TH8609).

[147]  William C. Brown,et al.  The history of wireless power transmission , 1996 .

[148]  Seung-Bok Choi,et al.  An investigation on piezoelectric energy harvesting for MEMS power sources , 2005 .

[149]  Xinlin Qing,et al.  SMART Layer and SMART Suitcase for structural health monitoring applications , 2001, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[150]  Jerome P. Lynch,et al.  Design of Piezoresistive MEMS-Based Accelerometer for Integration with Wireless Sensing Unit for Structural Monitoring , 2003 .

[151]  D. N. Fry,et al.  Compact portable electric power sources , 1997 .

[152]  Dongkun Shin,et al.  Intra-Task Voltage Scheduling for Low-Energy, Hard Real-Time Applications , 2001, IEEE Des. Test Comput..

[153]  Allen C.-H. Wu,et al.  A predictive system shutdown method for energy saving of event-driven computation , 1997, 1997 Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD).

[154]  Gao Min,et al.  Thermoelectric recovery of waste heat-case studies , 1997, IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203).

[155]  Luca Benini,et al.  Event-driven power management , 2001, IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst..

[156]  Massoud Pedram,et al.  Dynamic power management based on continuous-time Markov decision processes , 1999, DAC '99.