3D skin length deformation of lower body during knee joint flexion for the practical application of functional sportswear.

With the advent of 3D technology in the design process, a tremendous amount of scanned data is available. However, it is difficult to trace the quantitative skin deformation of a designated location on the 3D body surface data during movement. Without identical landmarks or reflective markers, tracing the same reference points on the different body postures is not easy because of the complex shape change of the body. To find the least deformed location on the body, which is regarded as the optimal position of seams for the various lengths of functional compression pants, landmarks were directly marked on the skin of six subjects and scanned during knee joint flexion. Lines of non-extension (LoNE) and maximum stretch (LoMS) were searched for, both by tracing landmarks and newly drawn guidelines based on ratio division in various directions. Considering the waist as the anchoring position of the pants, holistic changes were quantified and visualized from the waistline in lengthwise and curvilinear deformation along the dermatomes of the lower body for various lengths of pants. Widthwise and unit area skin deformation data of the skin were also provided as guidelines for further use such as streamlined pants or design of other local wearing devices.

[1]  D. W. Lloyd,et al.  Characterizing the Elastic Behavior of Textile Fabrics in Complex Deformations , 1978 .

[2]  Y. Kim,et al.  An investigation of seam strength and elongation of knitted-neck edges on complete garments by binding-off processes , 2015 .

[3]  Dava J. Newman,et al.  Dynamic Understanding of Human-Skin Movement and Strain-Field Analysis , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[4]  Penelope Watkins.  Designing with stretch fabrics , 2011 .

[5]  Steven A Greenberg,et al.  The history of dermatome mapping. , 2003, Archives of neurology.

[7]  Charlie C. L. Wang,et al.  Pattern computation for compression garment by a physical/geometric approach , 2010, Comput. Aided Des..

[8]  L. Phillips,et al.  Langer's lines: to use or not to use. , 1999, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[9]  Kristen Bethke.  The second skin approach : skin strain field analysis and mechanical counter pressure prototyping for advanced spacesuit design , 2005 .

[10]  S. Ashdown,et al.  3D body scan analysis of dimensional change in lower body measurements for active body positions , 2011 .

[11]  Heeran Lee,et al.  Ergonomic mapping of skin deformation in dynamic postures to provide fundamental data for functional design lines of outdoor pants , 2013, Fibers and Polymers.

[12]  P. Elsner,et al.  Bioengineering of the Skin : Skin Biomechanics, Volume V , 2001 .

[13]  Jiyoung Choi,et al.  Estimating dynamic skin tension lines in vivo using 3D scans , 2013, Comput. Aided Des..

[14]  Arthur S. Iberall.  The Experimental Design of a Mobile Pressure Suit , 1970 .

[15]  Yejin Lee,et al.  2D Pattern Development of Body Surface from 3D Human Scan Data Using Standing and Cycling Postures , 2012 .

[16]  C. Piérard-Franchimont,et al.  Influence of Body Posture and Gravitational Forces on Shear Wave Propagation in the Skin , 2001, Dermatology.

[17]  Sara Sofia Pereira Marreiros.  Skin Strain Field Analysis of the Human Ankle Joint , 2010 .

[18]  G. Piérard,et al.  Age- and body mass index-related changes in cutaneous shear wave velocity , 2001, Experimental Gerontology.

[19]  K. Langer,et al.  On the anatomy and physiology of the skin: I. The cleavability of the cutis , 1978 .

[20]  Mathematical modeling of extension of an inhomogeneous elastic cloth , 1999 .

[21]  Kyunghi Hong,et al.  Engineering design process of tight-fit sportswear using 3D information of dermatomes and skin deformation in dynamic posture , 2012 .