Abstract In recent years, a number of organic and inorganic-based hybrid composites have been developed with many advanced features to be applicable in the electronics, automobile, construction, and biomedical sectors by engaging different polymers of natural origin such as plant and sea-based ones. These biopolymers in general play a very important role in maintaining the stability of industrial nanocomposites. They are exceptionally utilized in surface modification, protection of highly oxidative unstable cores, as a stable base for holding multiple targets, and as a shield for the inorganic and highly toxic metals. With that, the objective of our proposed book is to bring some insight knowledge about the essential role played by the biopolymeric matrices toward maintaining the health and sustainability of the environment. The book is aimed to cover the topics related to the role of biopolymers in specific application areas such as in electronics, energy, consumer goods, packaging materials, therapeutics, water treatment, engineering, etc. and what makes the particular polymer to engage it in such application. Further, the discussion is directed toward the development of nanocelluloses and nanohydrogels, their classification, properties, chemical modification, and potential applications. The application of the polymer covers many areas including the food industry, agricultural applications, and drug delivery to tissue engineering in the biomedical field and provides more safe and attractive products in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental fields.