Characteristic Analysis and Optimal Regulation of Primary Frequency Regulation Condition in Low Water Head Area Based on Hydraulic-Mechanical-Electrical Coupling Model of Pumped Storage Unit

Pumped storage power station is an important regulating tool for peak load regulation and frequency regulation of the power grid, especially its primary frequency regulation function, which is of profound significance for the safety and stability of the power grid. As the core equipment of the pumped storage power station, the reversible design of the pump turbine makes it easy to have hydraulic fluctuation and mechanical instability when the unit runs to the “S” characteristic area, which will cause the frequency oscillation of the generator under the condition of primary frequency regulation. Therefore, some innovative work is studied in this paper: (1) an accurate hydraulic-mechanical-electrical coupling system mathematical model of pumped storage unit regulation system (PSURS) is established based on full characteristic curve of the pump turbine and seventh-order synchronous generator and excitation system; (2) the dynamic response characteristics of primary frequency regulation of pumped storage unit (PSU) under different water heads and different frequency disturbances are analyzed by numerical simulation; (3) in view of the unstable condition of the unit under the large frequency disturbance when it operates in the low head and small load area, the objective optimization function considering the ITAE index of hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical factors is proposed; and (4) fractional-order PID controller and the bacterial-foraging chemotaxis gravitational search algorithm (BCGSA) combined optimization strategy is used for PSURS optimization regulation and parameter optimization. The results show that the joint optimization strategy proposed in this paper has smaller objective function value, and makes the PSURS pass through the unbalanced area quickly, with better primary frequency regulation speed and smaller regulation depth.

[1]  Bo Fu,et al.  T–S Fuzzy Model Identification With a Gravitational Search-Based Hyperplane Clustering Algorithm , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems.

[2]  Yang Zheng,et al.  Control optimisation for pumped storage unit in micro-grid with wind power penetration using improved grey wolf optimiser , 2017 .

[3]  Weijia Yang,et al.  Advantage of variable-speed pumped storage plants for mitigating wind power variations: Integrated modelling and performance assessment , 2019, Applied Energy.

[4]  Xiaohui Yuan,et al.  Design of a fractional order PID controller for hydraulic turbine regulating system using chaotic non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II , 2014 .

[5]  W. Zeng,et al.  Experimental investigation of theoretical stability regions for ultra-low frequency oscillations of hydropower generating systems , 2019, Energy.

[6]  Lu Liu,et al.  Robust Fractional-Order PID Controller Tuning Based on Bode's Optimal Loop Shaping , 2018, Complex..

[7]  Nan Zhang,et al.  Design of a fractional-order PID controller for a pumped storage unit using a gravitational search algorithm based on the Cauchy and Gaussian mutation , 2017, Inf. Sci..

[8]  M. J. Basler,et al.  Changes to IEEE 421.5 recommended practice for excitation system models for power system stability studies , 2005 .

[9]  Ezzeddine Hadj Taieb,et al.  Transient behavior of a centrifugal pump during starting period , 2016 .

[10]  Wenlong Fu,et al.  An adaptively fast fuzzy fractional order PID control for pumped storage hydro unit using improved gravitational search algorithm , 2016 .

[11]  Zhen Jia,et al.  Hydropower unit primary frequency control model analysis , 2015, 2015 12th International Computer Conference on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing (ICCWAMTIP).

[12]  Minxiao Han,et al.  Pumped energy storage system technology and its AC–DC interface topology, modelling and control analysis: a review , 2018, The Journal of Engineering.

[13]  I. M. Canay,et al.  Determination of model parameters of synchronous machines , 1983 .

[14]  Xiaolu Wang,et al.  Multiobjective Optimal Control for Hydraulic Turbine Governing System Based on an Improved MOGWO Algorithm , 2019, Complex..

[15]  Yanbin Yuan,et al.  Application of multi-objective controller to optimal tuning of PID gains for a hydraulic turbine regulating system using adaptive grid particle swam optimization. , 2015, ISA transactions.

[16]  Om P. Malik,et al.  An orthogonal test approach based control parameter optimization and its application to a hydro-turbine governor , 1997 .

[17]  Chu Zhang,et al.  Multiobjective Optimization of a Fractional-Order PID Controller for Pumped Turbine Governing System Using an Improved NSGA-III Algorithm under Multiworking Conditions , 2019, Complex..

[18]  Weijia Yang,et al.  A coordinated optimization framework for flexible operation of pumped storage hydropower system: Nonlinear modeling, strategy optimization and decision making , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[19]  T. V. Plotnikova,et al.  Participation of a Pumped-Storage Electric Power Plant with Asynchronous Generator-Motors in Normalized Primary Frequency Regulation , 2015 .

[20]  Jiandong Yang,et al.  An Improved Frequency Dead Zone with Feed-Forward Control for Hydropower Units: Performance Evaluation of Primary Frequency Control , 2019, Energies.

[21]  O.P. Malik,et al.  Synchronous generator model identification for control application using volterra series , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[22]  Yang Zheng,et al.  Parameter Optimization of Robust Non-fragile Fractional Order PID Controller for Pump Turbine Governing System , 2016, 2016 Sixth International Conference on Instrumentation & Measurement, Computer, Communication and Control (IMCCC).

[23]  Yogesh V. Hote,et al.  Fractional order PID controller for load frequency control , 2014 .

[24]  Chu Zhang,et al.  A Real-Time Accurate Model and Its Predictive Fuzzy PID Controller for Pumped Storage Unit via Error Compensation , 2017 .

[25]  Q H Shi,et al.  Flow behaviour analysis of reversible pump-turbine in "S" characteristic operating zone , 2012 .

[26]  Wenlong Fu,et al.  A hybrid approach for measuring the vibrational trend of hydroelectric unit with enhanced multi-scale chaotic series analysis and optimized least squares support vector machine , 2019, Trans. Inst. Meas. Control.

[27]  Nan Zhang,et al.  Multi-objective optimization of the closure law of guide vanes for pumped storage units , 2019, Renewable Energy.

[28]  Jianzhong Zhou,et al.  Characteristics Analysis and Fuzzy Fractional-Order PID Parameter Optimization for Primary Frequency Modulation of a Pumped Storage Unit Based on a Multi-Objective Gravitational Search Algorithm , 2019, Energies.

[29]  Guopeng Zhao,et al.  Research on an Output Power Model of a Doubly-Fed Variable-Speed Pumped Storage Unit with Switching Process , 2019, Applied Sciences.

[30]  Lixiang Li,et al.  Optimum design of fractional order PIλDμ controller for AVR system using chaotic ant swarm , 2012, Expert Syst. Appl..

[31]  Cai Weijiang,et al.  A new governor control algorithm to suppress the pumped-storage unit “S” shape characteristic influence , 2012, 2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC).

[32]  Hao Wang,et al.  Research on the Hydropower Frequency Control Strategy for Power Delivery Grid Splitting , 2013 .

[33]  Om P. Malik,et al.  Design of a robust adaptive controller for a water turbine governing system , 1995 .

[34]  Daqing Zhou,et al.  Investigation of Pumped Storage Hydropower Power-Off Transient Process Using 3D Numerical Simulation Based on SP-VOF Hybrid Model , 2018 .

[35]  Saptarshi Das,et al.  Frequency Domain Design of Fractional Order PID Controller for AVR System Using Chaotic Multi-objective Optimization , 2013, ArXiv.

[36]  Nan Zhang,et al.  Load Frequency Control of a Novel Renewable Energy Integrated Micro-Grid Containing Pumped Hydropower Energy Storage , 2018, IEEE Access.

[37]  Yang Zheng,et al.  Adaptive condition predictive-fuzzy PID optimal control of start-up process for pumped storage unit at low head area , 2018, Energy Conversion and Management.

[38]  Haoyong Chen,et al.  Analysis and Measures of Ultralow-Frequency Oscillations in a Large-Scale Hydropower Transmission System , 2018, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[39]  Vijay Modi,et al.  Value of pumped hydro storage in a hybrid energy generation and allocation system , 2017 .

[40]  Hossein Nezamabadi-pour,et al.  GSA: A Gravitational Search Algorithm , 2009, Inf. Sci..

[41]  Haisheng Chen,et al.  Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review , 2009 .

[42]  Maryam Dehghani,et al.  NONLINEAR ROBUST MODELING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS , 2007 .

[43]  Hsiao-Dong Chiang,et al.  Damping Representation for the Fifth-Order Generator Model in Transient Behaviors , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[44]  Ruiwei Jiang,et al.  Robust Unit Commitment With Wind Power and Pumped Storage Hydro , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[45]  Hsiao-Dong Chiang,et al.  A Two-Time Scale Dynamic Correction Method for Fifth-Order Generator Model Undergoing Large Disturbances , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[46]  Jianzhong Zhou,et al.  Semi-supervised weighted kernel clustering based on gravitational search for fault diagnosis. , 2014, ISA transactions.

[47]  Kai Wang,et al.  Multi-step short-term wind speed forecasting approach based on multi-scale dominant ingredient chaotic analysis, improved hybrid GWO-SCA optimization and ELM , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.