The Term Structure of Credit Spreads in Project Finance

This paper finds that the term structure of credit spreads in project finance is hump-shaped. This contrasts with other types of debt, where credit risk is shown instead to increase monotonically with maturity ceteris paribus. We emphasize a number of peculiar features of project finance structures that might underlie this finding, such as high leverage decreasing over time, long-term political risk guarantees and the sequential resolution of uncertainty along project advancement stages. Our result is particularly relevant given the importance of project finance as a source of long-term capital for infrastructure especially in developing countries and has implications for risk management in the framework of Basel II. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  Arthur D. Warga,et al.  Some Empirical Estimates of the Risk Structure of Interest Rates , 1989, World Scientific Reference on Contingent Claims Analysis in Corporate Finance.

[2]  Robert H. Wilson Risk measurement of public projects , 1977 .

[3]  M. Crouhy,et al.  A comparative analysis of current credit risk models , 2000 .

[4]  J. Sachs Theoretical Issues in International Borrowing , 1983 .

[5]  W. A. Larsen,et al.  The Use of Partial Residual Plots in Regression Analysis , 1972 .

[6]  E. H. Kim,et al.  Financial Contracting and Leverage Induced Over‐ and Under‐Investment Incentives , 1990 .

[7]  Michael B. Gordy A Risk-Factor Model Foundation for Ratings-Based Bank Capital Rules , 2003 .

[8]  John W. Kensinger,et al.  PROJECT FINANCE: RAISING MONEY THE OLD‐FASHIONED WAY , 1988 .

[9]  P. Bolton,et al.  Optimal debt structure with multiple creditors , 1993 .

[10]  L. Fisher Contingent Claims Analysis of Corporate Capital Structures: An Empirical Investigation , 1984 .

[11]  R. Jarrow,et al.  A Markov Model for the Term Structure of Credit Risk Spreads , 1997 .

[12]  Hugh Thomas,et al.  The integration of bank syndicated loan and junk bond markets , 2004 .

[13]  William L. Megginson,et al.  Creditor Rights, Enforcement, and Debt Ownership Structure: Evidence from the Global Syndicated Loan Market , 2002, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis.

[14]  G. Hale Bonds or Loans? On the Choice of International Debt Instrument by Emerging Market Borrowers , 2001 .

[15]  Jerold B. Warner,et al.  On financial contracting: An analysis of bond covenants , 1979 .

[16]  Steven B. Kamin,et al.  The Evolution and Determinants of Emerging Market Credit Spreads in the 1990s , 1999 .

[17]  Benjamin C. Esty,et al.  RETURNS ON PROJECT-FINANCED INVESTMENTS: EVOLUTION AND MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS , 2002 .

[18]  S. Kleimeier,et al.  Project Finance as a Risk-Management Tool in International Syndicated Lending , 2006 .

[19]  William L. Megginson,et al.  Determinants of Secondary Market Prices for Developing Country Syndicated Loans , 1990 .

[20]  Ian A. Cooper,et al.  USING PROJECT FINANCE TO FUND INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS , 1996 .

[21]  Credit Spread Curves and Credit Ratings , 2000 .

[22]  William L. Megginson,et al.  ARE PROJECT FINANCE LOANS DIFFERENT FROM OTHER SYNDICATED CREDITS , 2000 .

[23]  Anjan V. Thakor,et al.  Optimal Capital Structure and Project Financing , 1987 .

[24]  De-Min Wu,et al.  Alternative Tests of Independence between Stochastic Regressors and Disturbances , 1973 .

[25]  J. Heckman Sample selection bias as a specification error , 1979 .

[26]  Barry Eichengreen,et al.  What Explains Changing Spreads on Emerging-Market Debt: Fundamentals or Market Sentiment? , 1998 .

[27]  P. Collin‐Dufresne,et al.  Do Credit Spreads Reflect Stationary Leverage Ratios , 2001 .

[28]  B. Balassa Policy Responses to Exogenous Shocks in Developing Countries , 1989 .

[29]  Helmut Bester,et al.  Screening vs. Rationing in Credit Markets with Imperfect Information , 1985 .

[30]  Erwan Morellec,et al.  Can Managerial Discretion Explain Observed Leverage Ratios? , 2001 .

[31]  Jonathan Eaton,et al.  Debt with Potential Repudiation: Theoretical and Empirical Analysis , 1981 .

[32]  Michael B. Gordy A Risk-Factor Model Foundation for Ratings-Based Bank Capital Rules , 2002 .

[33]  Asli Demirgüç-Kunt,et al.  Institutions, Financial Markets and Firm Debt Maturity , 1996 .

[34]  G. Caprio,et al.  The Role of Long-Term Finance: Theory and Evidence , 1997 .

[35]  Jerome S. Fons The Default Premium and Corporate Bond Experience , 1987 .

[36]  Thomas J. Chemmanur,et al.  Optimal Incorporation, Structure of Debt Contracts, and Limited-recourse Project Financing , 1996 .

[37]  Michael Klein,et al.  Social Divisions in School Participation and Attainment in India: 1983-2004 , 1998, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[38]  Douglas W. Diamond Seniority and maturity of debt contracts , 1993 .

[39]  David M. Kreps,et al.  Temporal Resolution of Uncertainty in Stapleton and Subrahmanyam's "Multiperiod Equilibrium Asset Pricing Model." , 1980 .

[40]  Richard Cantor,et al.  Sovereign Credit Ratings , 1995 .

[41]  Marcus Nadler,et al.  Institute of International Finance , 1929 .

[42]  Ramon E. Johnson TERM STRUCTURES OF CORPORATE BOND YIELDS AS A FUNCTION OF RISK OF DEFAULT , 1967 .

[43]  R. C. Merton,et al.  On the Pricing of Corporate Debt: The Risk Structure of Interest Rates , 1974, World Scientific Reference on Contingent Claims Analysis in Corporate Finance.

[44]  Allen N. Berger,et al.  Collateral, loan quality and bank risk , 1988 .

[45]  Edward I. Altman,et al.  Default Rates in the Syndicated Bank Loan Market: A Mortality Analysis , 2000 .

[46]  Danny M. Leipziger,et al.  Infrastructure Project Finance and Capital Flows: A New Perspective , 1997 .

[47]  Clifford W. Smith On the theory of financial contracting: The personal loan market , 1980 .

[48]  S. Kleimeier,et al.  POLITICAL RISK IN SYNDICATED LENDING: THEORY AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE REGARDING THE USE OF PROJECT FINANCE , 2004 .

[49]  G. Gemmill,et al.  Testing Merton's Model for Credit Spreads on Zero-Coupon Bonds , 2002 .

[50]  E. Elton,et al.  Explaining the Rate Spread on Corporate Bonds , 1999 .

[51]  Anjan V. Thakor,et al.  Collateral and Rationing: Sorting Equilibria in Monopolistic and Competitive Credit Markets , 1987 .

[52]  Jing-Zhi Huang,et al.  Structural Models of Corporate Bond Pricing: An Empirical Analysis , 2002 .

[53]  Jean Helwege,et al.  The slope of the credit yield curve for speculative-grade issuers , 1999 .

[54]  Mansoor Dailami,et al.  Contract Risks and Credit Spread Determinants in the International Project Bond Market , 2001 .

[55]  S. Edwards Ldc&Apos;S Foreign Borrowing and Default Risk: an Empirical Investigation , 1983 .

[56]  Jerome S. Fons Using Default Rates to Model the Term Structure of Credit Risk , 1994 .

[57]  J. Hull Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives , 1989 .

[58]  Joost Driessen Is Default Event Risk Priced in Corporate Bonds , 2002 .

[59]  J. MacKinnon,et al.  Estimation and inference in econometrics , 1994 .

[60]  Barry Eichengreen,et al.  Interest Rates in the North and Capital Flows to the South: Is There a Missing Link? , 1998 .

[61]  Richard Cantor,et al.  Determinants and Impact of Sovereign Credit Ratings , 1996 .

[62]  Michel A. Habib,et al.  The Financing and Redeployment of Specific Assets , 1999 .

[63]  Barry Eichengreen,et al.  Lending Booms, Reserves, and the Sustainability of Short-Term Debt: Inferences from the Pricing of Syndicated Bank Loans , 1999 .

[64]  Mansoor Dailami,et al.  The Emerging Project Bond Market: Covenant Provisions and Credit Spreads , 2003 .

[65]  Kose John,et al.  Optimality of project financing: Theory and empirical implications in finance and accounting , 1991 .

[66]  Patrick Bolton,et al.  Optimal Debt Structure and the Number of Creditors , 1996, Journal of Political Economy.

[67]  L. Goldberg When is U.S. Bank Lending to Emerging Markets Volatile? , 2001 .

[68]  O. Williamson Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance , 1988 .

[69]  B. Esty When Do Foreign Banks Finance Domestic Projects? New Evidence on the Importance of Legal and Financial Systems , 2004 .

[70]  Mansoor Dailami,et al.  Risk Shifting and Long-Term Contracts: Evidence from the Ras Gas Project , 1999 .

[71]  W. Greene Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error: Comment , 1981 .

[72]  Allen N. Berger,et al.  Debt Maturity, Risk, and Asymmetric Information , 2004, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[73]  David S. Jones Emerging problems with the Basel Capital Accord: Regulatory capital arbitrage and related issues☆ , 2000 .