Leveraging owners' flexibility in smart charge/discharge scheduling of electric vehicles to support renewable energy integration

High integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES), in particular wind power, has created complexities in power system operations. On the other hand, large fleets of Electric Vehicles (EVs) are expected to have great impact on electricity consumption, and uncoordinated charging process will add load uncertainty and further complicate the grid scheduling. In this paper, we propose a smart charging approach that uses the flexibility of EV owners to absorb the fluctuations in the output of RES in a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) setup. We propose an optimal scheduling algorithm for charge/discharge of aggregated EV fleets to maximize the integration of wind generation as well as minimize the charging cost for EV owners. Challenges for people participation in V2G, such as battery degradation and feeling insecure for unexpected events, are also addressed. We first formulate a static model using mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) with multi-objective optimization assuming that every parameter of the model is known a day ahead of scheduling. Subsequently, we formulate a dynamic (dis)charging schedule after EVs arrive into the system with updated information about EV availabilities, wind generation forecast, and energy price in real-time, using rolling-horizon optimization. Simulations using a group of 100 EVs in a micro-grid with wind as primary resource demonstrate significant increase in wind utilization and reduction in charging cost compared to uncontrolled charging scenario.