Effects of Water Hardness on Spray Droplet Size Under Aerial Application Conditions

Minerals and organic matter in spray carrier water can reduce the effectiveness of some plant protection products. Water hardness has been found to have a significant impact of the efficacy of some crop protection materials and has shown conflicting influence on spray droplet size. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of water hardness on spray droplet size produced by two commonly-used aerial spray nozzles with and without the addition of an invert suspension adjuvant to the tank solution under aerial application conditions.