Prevalence and predictors of depression in populations of elderly: a review

Objective:  To offer an update on prevalence and predictors of old age depression in populations of elderly Caucasians.

[1]  T. Erkinjuntti,et al.  Major Depression in the Elderly: A Population Study in Helsinki , 1996, International Psychogeriatrics.

[2]  M. Olfson,et al.  Major depression in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults: prevalence and 2- and 4-year follow-up symptoms , 2004, Psychological Medicine.

[3]  A. Beekman,et al.  Review of community prevalence of depression in later life , 1999, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[4]  R. Sulkava,et al.  The prevalence and associates of depressive disorders in the oldest-old Finns , 1999, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[5]  A. Mann,et al.  Depression and the response of residential homes to physical health needs , 2000, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[6]  W W Zung,et al.  The Depression Status Inventory: an adjunct to the Self-Rating Depression Scale. , 1972, Journal of clinical psychology.

[7]  E. Marcantonio,et al.  Prevalence and Correlates of Recognized Depression in U.S. Nursing Homes , 2003, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[8]  J. Teresi,et al.  The SHORT-CARE: an efficient instrument for the assessment of depression, dementia and disability. , 1984, Journal of gerontology.

[9]  L. Robins,et al.  National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Its history, characteristics, and validity. , 1981, Archives of general psychiatry.

[10]  A Jordan,et al.  Depression in Europe , 1999, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[11]  C. Jonker,et al.  Risk factors for depression in later life; results of a prospective community based study (AMSTEL). , 2000, Journal of affective disorders.

[12]  B. Winblad,et al.  Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in a Population of Nonagenarians , 1995, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[13]  G. Alexopoulos,et al.  Cornell scale for depression in dementia , 1988, Biological Psychiatry.

[14]  J. Lindeboom,et al.  Late-Life Depressive Disorder in the Community , 1995, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[15]  Lea C. Watson,et al.  Depression in assisted living: results from a four-state study. , 2003, The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.

[16]  W. Strawbridge,et al.  Does growing old increase the risk for depression? , 1997, The American journal of psychiatry.

[17]  M. Ganguli,et al.  Antidepressant Use Over Time in a Rural Older Adult Population: The MoVIES Project , 1997, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[18]  S. Kasl,et al.  Gender, marital closeness, and depressive symptoms in elderly couples. , 1996, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[19]  J. McCulloch,et al.  Depression and associated characteristics among community-based elderly people. , 2002, Journal of allied health.

[20]  Judith K Jones,et al.  Agitation and depression in frail nursing home elderly patients with dementia: treatment characteristics and service use. , 2003, The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.

[21]  A. Beekman,et al.  Sex differences in late‐life depression , 2000, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[22]  B W Wyse,et al.  Prevalence of depression and its treatment in an elderly population: the Cache County study. , 2000, Archives of general psychiatry.

[23]  M. Hamilton,et al.  Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. , 1967, The British journal of social and clinical psychology.

[24]  A. Beekman,et al.  Sex differences in depression after widowhood. Do men suffer more? , 1999, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[25]  V. Leirer,et al.  Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. , 1982, Journal of psychiatric research.

[26]  K. Heller,et al.  Recruitment challenges in studying late-life depression: do community samples adequately represent depressed older adults? , 1994, Psychology and aging.

[27]  C. Mulrow,et al.  Performance of Case‐Finding Tools for Depression in the Nursing Home: Influence of Clinical and Functional Characteristics and Selection of Optimal Threshold Scores , 1994, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[28]  C. Sherbourne,et al.  The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) , 1992 .

[29]  Kevin W. Smith,et al.  The prevalence of major depression or dysthymia among aged Medicare Fee‐for‐Service beneficiaries , 2002, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[30]  M. Weinstein,et al.  Performance of a Five-Item Mental Health Screening Test , 1991, Medical care.

[31]  Linda Teri,et al.  6/Use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale with Older Adults , 1986 .

[32]  A. Mackinnon,et al.  The Canberra Interview for the Elderly: assessment of its validity in the diagnosis of dementia and depression , 1993, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[33]  M. Izal,et al.  The Geriatric Depression Scale: A Review of Its Development and Utility , 1996, International Psychogeriatrics.

[34]  M. Dewey,et al.  The prevalence of dementia, depression and neurosis in later life: the Liverpool MRC-ALPHA Study. , 1993, International journal of epidemiology.

[35]  I. Skoog,et al.  The incidence of first-onset depression in a population followed from the age of 70 to 85 , 2001, Psychological Medicine.

[36]  Jason Brandt,et al.  Incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of depression in residents of a long‐term care facility with dementia , 2002, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[37]  D. Deeg,et al.  Physical health and the onset and persistence of depression in older adults: an eight-wave prospective community-based study , 2000, Psychological Medicine.

[38]  Stephan Arndt,et al.  Conjugal loss and syndromal depression in a sample of elders aged 70 years or older. , 1999, The American journal of psychiatry.

[39]  J. Copeland,et al.  A computerized psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT , 1986, Psychological Medicine.

[40]  E. Simonsick,et al.  Symptoms of depression among community-dwelling elderly African-American and White older adults , 1998, Psychological Medicine.

[41]  F. Gutzwiller,et al.  Depression bei Betagten in der Schweiz , 2002, Der Nervenarzt.

[42]  S. Weyerer,et al.  The reliability of the brief assessment schedule , 1989 .

[43]  D. Reed,et al.  Can Money Buy Happiness? Depressive Symptoms in an Affluent Older Population , 1998, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[44]  A. Mann,et al.  Prevalence and Course of Depression Among Elderly Residential Home Admissions in Mannheim and Camden, London , 1995, International Psychogeriatrics.

[45]  R. Kessler,et al.  The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview short‐form (CIDI‐SF) , 1998 .

[46]  J. Overall,et al.  The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale , 1962 .

[47]  S H Ferris,et al.  Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology and treatment. , 1987, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[48]  Ruoling Chen,et al.  Community-based case–control study of depression in older people , 1999, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[49]  D. Blazer,et al.  Toward a threshold for subthreshold depression: an analysis of correlates of depression by severity of symptoms using data from an elderly community sample. , 2001, The Gerontologist.

[50]  J. Ormel,et al.  Depression in survivors of stroke: a community-based study of prevalence, risk factors and consequences , 1998, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[51]  A. Barusch,et al.  Depressive Symptoms in the Frail Elderly: Physical and Psycho-Social Correlates , 1999, International journal of aging & human development.

[52]  I. Skoog The prevalence of psychotic, depressive and anxiety syndromes in demented and non‐demented 85‐year‐olds , 1993 .

[53]  Fred Lane,et al.  The botany survey: A longitudinal study of depression and cognitive impairment in an elderly population , 1995 .

[54]  D. Ames,et al.  Depressive Disorders among Elderly People in Long-Term Institutional Care , 1993, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[55]  Msce Hillary R. Bogner MD,et al.  Are higher rates of depression in women accounted for by differential symptom reporting? , 2004, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[56]  M. Zunzunegui,et al.  Gender differences in depressive symptoms among Spanish elderly , 1998, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[57]  R. Westendorp,et al.  Prevalence, correlates and recognition of depression in the oldest old: the Leiden 85-plus study. , 2004, Journal of affective disorders.

[58]  K. Pahkala,et al.  Prevalence of depression in an aged population in Finland , 1995, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[59]  P. Sloane,et al.  The MDS Cognition Scale: A Valid Instrument for Identifying and Staging Nursing Home Residents with Dementia Using the Minimum Data Set , 1994, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[60]  S. Folstein,et al.  "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. , 1975, Journal of psychiatric research.

[61]  M. Prince,et al.  Cognitive impairment and social distress as different pathways to depression in the elderly: a cross‐sectional study , 1997, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[62]  M J Kelleher,et al.  A semi-structured clinical interview for the assessment of diagnosis and mental state in the elderly: the Geriatric Mental State Schedule: I. Development and reliability , 1976, Psychological Medicine.

[63]  R. Bland,et al.  Prevalence of depression in an elderly community sample: a comparison of GMS-AGECAT and DSM-IV diagnostic criteria , 1998, Psychological Medicine.

[64]  G. Andrews,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV major depression in an Australian national survey. , 2003, Journal of affective disorders.

[65]  A. Beck,et al.  An inventory for measuring depression. , 1961, Archives of general psychiatry.

[66]  R. Bland,et al.  The Prevalence of Mental Disorders in the Elderly in Edmonton: A Community Survey Using GMS-AGECAT , 1998 .

[67]  G. Frisoni,et al.  Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms in a nursing home , 1996 .

[68]  J. Rabe-Jabłońska,et al.  [Affective disorders in the fourth edition of the classification of mental disorders prepared by the American Psychiatric Association -- diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders]. , 1993, Psychiatria polska.

[69]  D. Coakley,et al.  Mental disorders among the community-dwelling elderly in Dublin , 1997, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[70]  A. Mackinnon,et al.  The prevalence of depressive disorders and the distribution of depressive symptoms in later life: a survey using Draft ICD-10 and DSM-III-R , 1993, Psychological Medicine.

[71]  J. Yesavage,et al.  Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. , 1986 .

[72]  M. Prince,et al.  Impairment, Disability and Handicap as Risk Factors for Depression in Old Age , 1997 .

[73]  A. Beekman,et al.  Iatrogenic depression in the elderly , 2002, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[74]  L. Berkman,et al.  Depressive symptomatology and incident cognitive decline in an elderly community sample. , 1998, Archives of general psychiatry.

[75]  C. Lyketsos,et al.  Depression Without Sadness: Functional Outcomes of Nondysphoric Depression in Later Life , 1997, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[76]  J. Dartigues,et al.  Psychological disorder and mortality in French older adults: do social relations modify the association? , 1999, American journal of epidemiology.

[77]  D. Sheehan,et al.  The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. , 1998, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[78]  K. Merikangas,et al.  Cognitive impairment and depression in the oldest old in a German and in U.S. communities , 2005, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.

[79]  H. Brodaty,et al.  Psychosis, depression and behavioural disturbances in Sydney nursing home residents: prevalence and predictors , 2001, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[80]  R. Ownby,et al.  Family History of Dementia and Current Depression in Nondemented Community-Dwelling Older Adults , 2000, Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology.

[81]  D. Challis,et al.  Psychiatric symptomatology in elderly people admitted to nursing and residential homes , 2000 .

[82]  J Ormel,et al.  Life events, difficulties and onset of depressive episodes in later life , 2001, Psychological Medicine.

[83]  S. Maggi,et al.  Prevalence rate and correlates of depressive symptoms in older individuals: the Veneto Study. , 2002, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[84]  B. Winblad,et al.  Incidence of major depression in a very elderly population , 1999, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[85]  J. Snowdon,et al.  Use of antidepressants, and the prevalence of depression and cognitive impairment in Sydney nursing homes , 1996 .

[86]  Ware J.E.Jr.,et al.  THE MOS 36- ITEM SHORT FORM HEALTH SURVEY (SF- 36) CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND ITEM SELECTION , 1992 .

[87]  R. Sulkava,et al.  Depression Measured by the Zung Depression Status Inventory Is Very Rare in a Finnish Population Aged 85 years and Over , 1997, International Psychogeriatrics.

[88]  S. Zisook,et al.  The spectrum of depressive phenomena after spousal bereavement. , 1994, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[89]  I. Skoog,et al.  Mental Disorders and the Use of Psychotropic Drugs in an 85-Year-Old Urban Population , 1993, International Psychogeriatrics.

[90]  R. Hamman,et al.  Depressive symptoms in Hispanic and non-Hispanic White rural elderly: the San Luis Valley Health and Aging Study. , 2000, American journal of epidemiology.

[91]  M. Prince,et al.  Impairment, disability and handicap as risk factors for depression in old age. The Gospel Oak Project V , 1997, Psychological Medicine.

[92]  Patten Sc The duration of major depressive episodes in the Canadian general population. , 2001 .

[93]  S. Newman The prevalence of depression in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in a population sample. , 1999, Journal of affective disorders.

[94]  T. Mills Comorbid depressive symptomatology: isolating the effects of chronic medical conditions on self-reported depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults. , 2001, Social science & medicine.

[95]  M. Linden,et al.  Psychiatrische Morbidität bei Hochbetagten Ergebnisse aus der Berliner Altersstudie , 1996, Der Nervenarzt.

[96]  S. Patten The duration of major depressive episodes in the Canadian general population. , 2001, Chronic diseases in Canada.

[97]  M. Schroll,et al.  A longitudinal study of gender differences in depressive symptoms from age 50 to 80. , 2001, Psychology and aging.

[98]  A. Lobo,et al.  The prevalence of dementia and depression in the elderly community in a southern European population. The Zaragoza study. , 1995, Archives of general psychiatry.

[99]  Dalva Poyares,et al.  The DSM‐IV ‘minor depression’ disorder in the oldest‐old: prevalence rate, sleep patterns, memory function and quality of life in elderly people of Italian descent in Southern Brazil , 2002, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[100]  C. Jonker,et al.  Comorbidity and risk‐patterns of depression, generalised anxiety disorder and mixed anxiety‐depression in later life: results from the AMSTEL study , 2003, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[101]  J. Teresi,et al.  Prevalence of depression and depression recognition in nursing homes , 2001, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[102]  J. Lindeboom,et al.  Late-life depressive disorder in the community, early onset and the decrease of vulnerability with increasing age. , 1995, Journal of affective disorders.

[103]  D. Kay,et al.  Dementia and depression among the elderly living in the Hobart community: the effect of the diagnostic criteria on the prevalence rates , 1985, Psychological Medicine.

[104]  B. Winblad,et al.  The outcome of depression and dysthymia in a very elderly population: Results from a three-year follow-up study , 1998 .

[105]  W. Strawbridge,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of depression in an aging cohort: the Alameda County Study. , 1997, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[106]  J. Cairney,et al.  Correlates of Dysphoria in Canadian Seniors: The Canadian Study of Health and Aging , 2000, Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique.

[107]  A. Beekman,et al.  Major and minor depression in later life: a study of prevalence and risk factors. , 1995, Journal of affective disorders.

[108]  D. J. Klenow,et al.  Prevalence of depressive symptoms among rural elderly: Examining the need for mental health services. , 1998 .

[109]  K. Lapane,et al.  The Management of Depression in Older Nursing Home Residents , 2002, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[110]  A. Brickman,et al.  The prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of depression in dementia patients in chronic care facilities in the last six months of life , 2002, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[111]  M. Fichter,et al.  Risk factors and psychosocial consequences in depression of octo- and nonagenerians: results of an epidemiological study , 2008, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.

[112]  A. Dubini,et al.  Depression in the Italian community: epidemiology and socio-economic implications , 2004, International clinical psychopharmacology.

[113]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  The prevalence of depressive disorders in the united kingdom , 1999, Biological Psychiatry.

[114]  B. Winblad,et al.  Major Depression in a Population of Demented and Nondemented Older People: Prevalence and Correlates , 1998, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[115]  B Johansson,et al.  Symptoms of depression in the oldest old: a longitudinal study. , 2001, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[116]  J. Ware SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide , 2003 .