Investigating the factor structure of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges-Brief (QSU-Brief).

This study was designed to investigate the proposed two-factor structure of the 10-item Questionnaire on Smoking Urges-Brief (QSU-Brief) and to provide evidence for the psychometric properties of this questionnaire using the seven-point scoring set from the original QSU study [Tiffany, S.T., Drobes, D.J. (1991). The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1467-1476.]. The study sample (N=576) was comprised of smokers presenting for treatment. Although an initial exploratory factor analysis appeared to replicate the original factor analytic findings of Cox et al. [Cox, L.S., Tiffany, S.T., Christen, A.G. (2001). Evaluation of the brief questionnaire of smoking urges (QSU-Brief) in laboratory and clinical settings. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 3, 7-16.], when subjected to confirmatory factor analyses, a five-item, two-factor model using the most robust items from the original QSU-Brief factor analysis was the best explanation of the data in the present study. Good internal consistency reliability estimates were also obtained with this model. These results suggest that this shortened form of the QSU-Brief can be used with the original seven-point scoring set as a reliable assessment of the dual nature of smoking urges in a treatment-seeking population.

[1]  W. Velicer,et al.  Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. , 1986 .

[2]  Karl G. Jöreskog,et al.  Lisrel 8: User's Reference Guide , 1997 .

[3]  M. C. Fernández,et al.  Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges in American and Spanish Smokers , 2004, Assessment.

[4]  Evaluation of the brief questionnaire of smoking urges (QSU-brief) in laboratory and clinical settings. , 2001 .

[5]  S. Mulaik,et al.  EVALUATION OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT INDICES FOR STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS , 1989 .

[6]  P. Willner,et al.  Smoking-related cues elicit craving in tobacco "chippers": a replication and validation of the two-factor structure of the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges , 2000, Psychopharmacology.

[7]  M. Krebs,et al.  [Validation of the French translation and factorial structure of the Tiffany and Drobes Smoking Urge Questionnaire]. , 2000, L'Encephale.

[8]  Megan E. Piper,et al.  Gender and racial/ethnic differences in tobacco-dependence treatment: a commentary and research recommendations. , 2001, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

[9]  L. Kozlowski,et al.  Asking questions about urges or cravings for cigarettes. , 1996 .

[10]  S. Tiffany,et al.  The use of a dual-task procedure for the assessment of cognitive effort associated with cigarette craving , 1996, Psychopharmacology.

[11]  Induction of smoking urge through imaginal and in vivo procedures: physiological and self-report manifestations. , 1997 .

[12]  P. Bentler,et al.  Comparative fit indexes in structural models. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[13]  B. Tabachnick,et al.  Using Multivariate Statistics , 1983 .

[14]  D. Abrams,et al.  Does completing a craving questionnaire promote increased smoking craving? An experimental investigation. , 2001, Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors.

[15]  B. Toll,et al.  Revisiting the factor structure of the questionnaire on smoking urges. , 2004, Psychological assessment.

[16]  S J Heishman,et al.  Smoking after nicotine deprivation enhances cognitive performance and decreases tobacco craving in drug abusers. , 1999, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

[17]  E. Ziegel.  A Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS System for Univariate and Multivariate Statistics , 1994 .

[18]  P. Bentler,et al.  Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures , 1980 .

[19]  S. Tiffany,et al.  The effect of alcohol consumption on craving to smoke. , 1997, Addiction.

[20]  L. Cox,et al.  Effects of transdermal nicotine patches on abstinence-induced and cue-elicited craving in cigarette smokers. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[21]  K. Ackermann,et al.  Die Erfassung des Cravings bei Rauchern mit einer deutschen Version des "Questionaire on Smoking Urges" (QSU-G) , 2001 .

[22]  M. Browne,et al.  Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit , 1992 .

[23]  R. P. McDonald,et al.  Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. , 2002, Psychological methods.

[24]  F. Floyd,et al.  Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. , 1995 .

[25]  Mueller,et al.  Die Erfassung des Cravings bei Rauchern mit einer deutschen Version des “Ouestionnaire on Smoking Urges” (OSU-G) [The assessment of craving in smokers with a German version of the “Questionnaire on Smoking Urges” (QSU-G)] , 2001 .

[26]  T. Eissenberg,et al.  Smokers' sex and the effects of tobacco cigarettes: subject-rated and physiological measures. , 1999, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

[27]  S. Tiffany,et al.  The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges. , 1991, British journal of addiction.

[28]  Larry Hatcher,et al.  A Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS System for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling , 1994 .

[29]  Stephen T. Tiffany,et al.  Manipulation of smoking urges and affect through a brief-imagery procedure: Self-report, psychophysiological, and startle probe responses. , 1995 .

[30]  P. Bentler,et al.  Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives , 1999 .

[31]  J. S. Long,et al.  Testing Structural Equation Models , 1993 .

[32]  S. Shiffman,et al.  Do Drinking and Smoking Go Together? , 1996, Alcohol health and research world.